Introduction to Psychology II

Motivation-ii
Miss Adeela Aslam
Primary motives
Innate motives based on biological needs.
Examples:
1. Hunger
2. Thirst
3. Pain avoidance
4. Need for sleep
5. Wastes elimination
6. Sex motivation
Hunger motivation
A need or convincing desire
of food
What cause hunger?
Empty stomach contraction
cause hunger
Hunger produce an overall
feeling of weakness
Lower level of glucose (a kind
of sugar in blood) in the blood
Liver also responds to a lack of
bodily fuels by sending nerve
impulse to brain. These
messages also contribute to
desire of eat
Brain areas involve in hunger
Two areas of hypothalamus are involved in
hunger
Brain areas involve in hunger
lateral hypothalamus
ventromedial hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is sensitive to levels of sugar or
glucose in the blood and it also take signals from
stomach and liver. All these signals combine to
explain about the state of hunger.
The ventromedial hypothalamus is involve in the stop
mechanism of eating food
Set point is the proportion of body fat (leptin) that tend
to be maintained by the changes in huger and eating
so it is the important mechanism that indicates about
feeling of hunger or when to take less food
Thirst motivation
There are two kinds of thirst

Extracellular thirst that is caused by a reduction

in the volume of fluids found between body
cells

It is caused by bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea,

sweating and drinking alcohol

It leads to decrease the level of salts and water in

the body so best satisfied by salty water
Cont.

Intracellular thirst is triggered when fluid is

drawn out of cells due to an increased
concentration of salts and minerals outside the
cells because it leads to shrink the cell

This kind of thirst is best satisfied by plain water

Kidneys and hypothalamus is involve in thirst

motivation
Pain motivation

Avoiding pain is also the basic human drive

Pain is an episodic drive as it occurs in distinct episodes
It is associated with bodily damage that has occur or is
about to occur
Pain prompts to avoid or
eliminate sources of
discomfort rather than
attainment of any goal
Pain tolerance could be learned
through society as some
people show their pain
loudly and some show least
of the behaviour without to
much distress
Sex motivation
The term sex drive refers to the strength of ones motivation to
engage in sexual activity
Many psychologists do not think of sex as primary motive
because it not necessary for individual survival rather it is
important for group survival
The sex drive is non-homeostatic
Sex drive can be aroused at virtually any time by almost any
thing
Cont.
Hormones play a role in sex drive
Androgen is the male hormone whereas Estrogen
is female hormone related to sex drive
Increase in the level of androgen initiate sex drive
in males whereas estrogen and androgen both
play role in female sex drive because females also
have little amount of androgen when its level
increase they feel the sex drive
sleep
Unconsciousness or unawareness of the external
environment is what we meant as sleep
Stages of sleep
Stage 1 is light sleep where you drift in and out of sleep
and can be awakened easily
In stage 2, eye movement stops and brain waves
become slower with only an occasional burst of
rapid brain waves.
When a person enters stage 3, extremely slow brain
waves called delta waves are interspersed with
smaller, faster waves.
In stage 4, the brain produces delta waves almost
exclusively.
Cont
Stages 3 and 4 are referred to as deep sleep, and it is very
difficult to wake someone from them. In deep sleep, there is
no eye movement or muscle activity. This is when some
children experience bedwetting, sleepwalking or night terrors.
In the REM period, breathing becomes more rapid, irregular and
shallow, eyes jerk rapidly and limb muscles are temporarily
paralyzed. Brain waves during this stage increase to levels
experienced when a person is awake. Also, heart rate
increases, blood pressure rises and the body loses some of the
ability to regulate its temperature. This is the time when most
dreams occur, and, if awoken during REM sleep, a person can
remember the dreams. Most people experience three to five
intervals of REM sleep each night.
Factors affecting sleep
Circadian rhythm - This is natural 24 hours cycle
which determines when humans fall asleep
according to correspond daily activities and
environment surrounding people
Environmental arousal - certain factors cause a state
of arousal. When humans are in this state, sleep
tends to be disrupted (e.g. stress)
Sleep deprivation - when one is sleep deprived, he/she
tends to fall asleep sooner the next time and remain
asleep longer. It must be emphasized that individual
differences play an important role in sleep cycles
Bowel & bladder tensions
Bowel and bladder tension plays an important
role, particularly during the period of toilet
training.
Too early or too severe toilet training may
induce a feeling of insecurity in the child.
Such problems may be avoided if parents wait
until the child is physically ready.
These drives have very little significance in
adult motivation.
Secondary motivation
The need to belong
Achievement motivation
Power motivation
Creativity motivation
Aggression
Social Approval Motive
Play & Manipulation
Motives of Exploration & Curiosity
Competence Motive
The need to belong
The need to belong or affiliation
Aristotle called us as social animal so we have a need to
affiliate with others for feeling of identification and
connectivity
It is aid to survival as
attachment serve as a powerful survival tool from caregivers
to bring maturity for children and also enhance reproduction
it also enhance the practice of corporation and protection
Wanting to belong
Cont
We are acting to increase our social acceptance by obeying social
norms because it enhance our self esteem
The need to belong depends on deep attachment and menacing
threats
Moreover we have to maintain that relationship with many
activities
It also have some darken sides as it could lead to abusive
relationships as detachment could lead to negative emotions
So one can say that strong feeling of belongingness leads to good
health or visa verse
Achievement motivation
It is the desire to excel or meet some internalized
standard of excellence
Many achievement oriented children have
parents and teachers who encourage their
independence from very early age
Achievement could be as a result of
intrinsic(desire to perform for once own sake)
or extrinsic motivation(desire to perform
because of some external rewards or to avoid
punishment)
Cont.
Effective managers adjust their managerial
style in such a way that it will enhance
the achievement motive of their
employees
This motive have strong implications in all
areas of life as the desire to have success
is predominating in all spheres of life
But as it is said that it is learned, we learn
this desire from are surroundings
Power motivation
A tendency to seek impact, control or influence over
others, and to be seen as powerful individual
People are more apt to belong to organization and seek
office
Also seek to powerful professions like business
management or teaching
They seek to display trapping of power
Male show negative or opposite to social norms to show
their power whereas females show more positive
behavior to command
Creativity motivation
This motivation has its link more with intrinsic
motivation rather than extrinsic one
It is enhanced by personal interests or involvement
challenging situation and freedom of choice rather
than increase in salaries
Creativity killers are
working under strong supervision
choices restrictions by rules
working only for getting good evaluation
working mainly for money
time pressure
Aggression
While it has a biological basis, human
aggression is primarily under the control of
social factors.
Among the environmental and social causes
of human hostile aggression are frustration,
insults, compliance with social pressures and
unpleasant environmental conditions, such as
high temperatures, intense noise, and under
some conditions, crowding.
Cont.

Aggression can be learned in

various ways.
Punishment, catharsis, the
presence of non aggressive
models may serve to lessen
aggressive behavior.
Social Approval Motive
Motive for social approval means to gain approval
from significant others & the society in general.
If this motive is weak, a person may behave
antisocially.
If it is too strong, a person may bury his originality
and use up his adaptive energies in trying to discover
and do the conventionally correct things.
If the child was deprived of the love and care in
infancy and could not develop the earliest form of
social approval motive, the consequences could be
undesirable social developments in later life.
Need for Self Actualization
It refers to an individuals need to develop his or her
potentialities, to do what he or she is capable of doing.
Self actualizers, then are people who make the
fullest use of their capabilities.
The goals for this need vary from person to person,
for some it may be achievement in literacy or
scientific fields, for others leadership in politics or
community, and for some it may be living their lives
fully without being unduly restrained by social
conventions.
Competence Motive
We are motivated to master challenges of
environment. This is called competence
motivation.
Exploration, curiosity, and the need for
sensory stimulation may simply be
expressions of our need to master the
environment.
This motive plays an important & persistent
role in driving human behavior
Cont
To achieve new masteries.
From crawling to standing, a baby pulls
himself over and over again until he finally
succeeds. In a similar way, he works to be
effective in the environment when it comes to
walking and number of other challenges.
These triumphs of child hood throw light on
competence motivation.
Motives of Exploration & Curiosity
The curiosity and exploration motive causes
to seek out a certain amount of novelty and
complexity, and with no other apparent
motivation, we seek out and explore new
environments.
This motive is not unique to humans. Many
animals will explore a new environment with
no external reward other than the newness of
what is perceived.
Play & Manipulation
This is a motive to explore the surrounding
and satisfying the pleasure need through
playing and manipulation.
This motive plays an important role in
learning the new skills and mastering new
tasks.