Structure & Type of RNA,

Ribosom Function and Genetic Code

(component of biosynthesis protein)

Nila Nadiyya Lathifah

0402516017
Biology Education
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transcription

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1 What is RNA?
Nucleic acids are macromolecules constructed out of
long chains (strands) of monomers called
nucleotides.
Nucleic acid DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
DNA is the genetic master plan
RNA is the working copy of DNA
Copying process at which a DNA strand serves as a
template for RNA synthesis is the TRANSCRIPTION
 Nucleotides and nucleotide
a strands of RNA

b Nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids.

From Gerald,
 2 DNA vs RNA
DNA RNA
DNA serves as the genetic RNA carries out that role for
material of all cellular organisms many viruses.
Double strands Mostly single strand
Nucleus Cytosole
Thymine Urasile
Sugar portion: 2-deoxyribose Sugar portion: ribose
Alkali Resistant Destroyed by Alkali
Function: to transfer genetic Function: to direct synthesis of
information from one generation proteins in the body
to the next
DNA vs
RNA
3 Structure of RNA

Mostly, the form of RNA is single-

stranded.
RNA have a tendency to hold the
strand complementary to its own
and to form secondary and
tertiary structures
RNA secondary and tertiary
structures

a Secondary
b Tertiary Structure
Structure
From Lodish
4 Type of RNA
There are three main types of RNA:
- ribosomal (rRNA), messenger (mRNA), transfer (tRNA),
and microRNA (snRNA & miRNA)
mRN
tRNA rRNA
A
Biosynth
esis
protein mRNA
Micro splicing &
RNA gen
What is relationship between
mRNA, tRNA & rRNA ?
 mRN
A
mRNA is the carrier of the genetic
message from DNA. A three base
sequence on the mRNA codes for the AA
to be incorporated in the growing protein
chain.
Many prokaryotic mRNAs are poly-
cistronic, they contain information for
several poylpeptides.
Eukaryotic mRNA is typically
monocistronic.
Prokaryotic mRNAs are translated in to
proteins immediately after synthesis but
eukaryotic mRNAs are extensively
processed before translation.
tRNA
tRNA molecules match amino acids to
codons in mRNA
tRNAs are between 75 and 95 nt in
length.
All tRNAs end at the 3 terminus with the
sequence 5-CCA-3.
Several unusual bases are present in the
primary structure of tRNAs.
U (Pseudouridine), D
(dihydrouridine), hypoxanthine, thymine,
methylguanine probably improves
tRNA function
A subset of modified nucleotides found
in tRNA
 tRNAs share a common secondary structure that
resembles a cloverleaf

3-
2-
dimention
dimention
structure
structure
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases change into tRNA specific
5 What are Ribosomes?
Cell have tiny granular
structures known as Ribosomes
Ribosomes are Ribonucleo
Protein Particles
Ribosomes serves as
workbenches, with mRNA acting
as the blueprint in the process of
protein synthesis
The ribosome is composed of a
large and small subunit
 The different between
eukaryotic ribosome and
prokariotic ribosome
Eukaryot
ic Prokaryo
ribosom tic
e ribosom
e
 Ribosome function: to met mRNA and tRNA
which transports the amino acid.
Ribosome have 3 binding sites for mRNA
and tRNA

P site,
peptidil-
tRNA A site,
E site, Aminoas
Exit il tRNA
Schematic model with mRNA
and tRNA
6 Genetic Code
Dogma Central
The genetic code is based on the sequence of bases
along a nucleic acid.
The code is composed of codons
Codon is composed of 3 bases ( e.g. ACG or UAG). Each
codon is translated into one amino acid.
The 4 nucleotide bases (A,G,C and U) in mRNA are used
to produce the three base codons 64 codons code for
the 20 amino acids, and since each codon code for only
one amino acids this means that, there are more than
one cone for the same amino acid.
How to translate a codon (see table):
This table or dictionary can be used to translate any codon
sequence.
Each triplet is read from 5 3 direction so the first base is 5
base, followed by the middle base then the last base which is 3
base.
Examples: 5- A UG- 3 codes for methionine
5- UCU- 3 codes for serine
5 - CCA- 3 codes for proline

Termination (stop or nonsense) codons:

Three of the 64 codons; UAA, UAG, UGA do not code for any
amino acid. They are termination codes which when one of them
appear in mRNA sequence, it indicates finishing of protein
synthesis.
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