AMEEN AKBAR

 GSM stands for Global System for Mobile

Communication

 1st totally digital cellular telephone system

 • Teleservices (TS)
Telephony, emergency calls, voice
messaging

• Bearer services (BS)

SMS and cell broadcast, 9.6kbit/s
• Supplementary Service (SS)

Barring outgoing call, International

calls, roaming calls

Call forwarding under various

conditions

Call hold , Call waiting

Call transfer to a third party

Mobile Stations
(MS)

Base Transceiver
Station (BTS)
A interface

Base Station
Controller (BSC)
VLR
Base Transceiver
HLR
Station (BTS) Abis interface
Base Station (BS) P
Mobile G
Um interface
Switching M S
Centre
(MSC) S T
C N
Base Transceiver
Station (BTS)

Base Station
Controller (BSC) CCITT
Signalling
Base Transceiver
Station (BTS)
Abis interface System No. 7
Base Station (BS) (SS7)
interface
 Subscriber: user who pays subscription
charges for using mobile
communication services.
 Mobile Station: is a subscriber unit
intended for use while on the move at
unspecified locations. It could be a
hand-held or a portable terminal.
 Base Station: a fixed radio station used
for communication with MS. It is located
at the centre of a cell and consist of
Transmitters and Receivers.
 Mobile Switching Centre : it coordinates
the routing of calls, do the billing, etc.
 MS consist of :
• Mobile Equipment (ME)
• Subscriber Identification Module (SIM)
 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is a
smart card which stores information
about the subscription and feature of
services.
 Stored information including:
•Authentication Key “Ki”
•Encryption
•IMSI and TMSI
 SIM card is protected by a Personal
Identity Number (PIN) of the user
International Mobile Subscriber
ID(IMSI)
– 15 digit = 3 for country code, 3 for
mobile network
code and 9 for mobile ID number.
• Temporary Mobile Subscriber
ID(TMSI)
– per-call basis ID for security reason
to avoid sending IMSI over the air
 BSS consist of two part :
 Base Transceiver
Station (BTS)
 Base Station Controller
(BSC)
 BTS is a radio-end which
determine a cell coverage and
provide link with MS.
 BTS include Transmitters and
Receivers, antenna and signal
processing unit as well as
interface.
 BTS communicate with MS via
Um (air) interface
 BSC handle radio-
channel setup,
frequency hopping,
and handover
within BSC
 HLR contain database
of users, including all
the subscription
records
 HLR records the
update location of
every user for
mobility management
purposes
 VLR is a temporary
database of user
 VLR is used to handle a
roamer connection.
 VLR could be accessed
by MSC for every call
set up.
 Every MSC is
connected to a VLR,
but a VLR could be
connected to several
MSC
 Access Mechanism

• FDMA, TDMA, CDMA

 Frequency multiplex
 Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency
bands
 A channel gets a certain band of the
spectrum for the whole time k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
 Advantages:
c
• works also for analog signals
 Disadvantages: f

• waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
• inflexible
• guard spaces
t
 Time multiplex
 A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain
amount of time
 Advantages:
• only one carrier in the
medium at any time
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
• throughput high even
for many users
c
 Disadvantages:
f
• precise
synchronization
necessary

t
 Code Multiplex
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

 Each channel has a unique code

 All channels use the same spectrum at c
the same time
 Advantages:
• Bandwidth efficient
• No coordination and
synchronization necessary
• Good protection against f
interference and tapping
 Disadvantages:
• Lower user data rates
• More complex signal regeneration
 Implemented using spread spectrum
t
technology
Various Access Method
Cells
 Cell structure
 Implements space division multiplex: base station
covers a certain transmission area (cell)
 Mobile stations communicate only via the base station
 Advantages of cell structures:
• higher capacity, higher number of users
• less transmission power needed
• more robust, decentralized
• base station deals with interference, transmission
area etc. locally
 Problems:
• fixed network needed for the base stations
• handover (changing from one cell to another)
necessary
• interference with other cells
 Cell sizes from some 100 m in cities to, e.g., 35 km on
the country side (GSM) - even less for higher frequencies
 Capacity of a Cellular
System

Frequency Re-Use Distance

The K factor or the cluster size
Cellular coverage or Signal to
interference ratio
Sectoring
Handover Mechanism

RSL Level at B

Level which HO occured

time

BS1 BS2

A B
 Hexagonal Cell Geometry
Define coordinate axes, N = 7 reuse pattern
U & V, at 60o angles
For given frequency
V
reuse plan, go i steps j =1

in U direction and j
2
i=

steps in V direction (1,3) (u,v)

Number of cells in U

reuse pattern is (2,1)

N = i 2 + ij + j 2
1/ 3
The Cell Structure for K = 7

7
6 2
1
5 3
7 4 1
6 2
2
1 7
5 3 6 2
4 1
7 5 3
6 2 7 4
1 6 2
5 3 1
4 5 3
4
Cell Structure for K = 12

9 9
8 10 8 10
2 11 2
7 11
3 7 3
1 12 1
6 12
4 6 4
9 5 9
8 5
10 8 10
2 11 2
7 11
3 7
1 3
12 1 12
6 4 6 4
5 5
 Increasing cellular
system capacity

 Cell sectoring
• Directional antennas subdivide cell into 3
or 6 sectors
• Might also increase cell capacity by
factor of 3 or 6
 Increasing cellular
system capacity
Cell splitting
• Decrease transmission power in base and
mobile
• Results in more and smaller cells
• Reuse frequencies in non-contiguous cell
groups
• Example: ½ cell radius leads 4 fold
capacity increase
 Performance characteristics of
GSM
 Communication
• mobile, wireless communication; support for voice
and data services
 Total mobility
• international access, chip-card enables use of access
points of different providers
 Worldwide connectivity
• one number, the network handles localization
 High capacity
• better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more
customers per cell
 High transmission quality
• high audio quality and reliability for wireless,
uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from
cars, trains)
 Security functions
• access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN
 Disadvantages of GSM
 No full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to
the user
 Reduced concentration while driving
 Electromagnetic radiation
 Abuse of private data possible
 High complexity of the system
 Several incompatibilities within the GSM
standards
Thank You