SMART GRID

A system that utilizes ICT for increased observability

and controlability of Power System by including
Demand Side Management
Distributed generation
Energy and Capacity Management
Essential Characteristics
Enables inform participation of consumers
Accommodates all generation and storage options
Enables new products services and markets
Provides the power for the range of needs
Optimizes asset utilization and operational efficiency
Provides resiliency to disturbances, attacks and natural
disasters
Wide Area Monitoring And Control
Optimize capacity
Reduce costs
Improves reliability
Components of Wide Area
Monitoring And Control
SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
PMU: Phasor Measurement Units
SCADA
There are four distinct components in SCADA System
Field Instrumentation devices such as sensors (e.g Current &
Voltage Transducers) and Actuators (e.g Switches & Re-
closers)
Programable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Remote Telemetry
Units (RTUs)
Communication Networks
SCADA Host Software
Functionality of SCADA
Information is provided to the grid control center through direct
measurements of grid parameters such as voltage, frequency, Active &
Reactive Power and Circuit breaker Status
Advance Application includes state estimations, contingency analysis,
optimizing grid operating conditions, economic dispatch and assessing
grid stability
State Estimation runs every 10-30s to best guess system conditions
of future using past trends and present states. Helps computing load
angles and provide grid-wide view of conditions.
Contingency Analysis uses state estimations to compute what-if
analysis to evaluate effects of potential contingencies in case of loss of
key grid components or to determine the optimal economic dispatch.
Key Features of PMUs
PMUs provides grid information 30 times per second faster
than conventional SCADA
Measures Voltages
Measure Stability through rate of change of frequency
Detection of low-frequency oscillation
Fault Analysis Support
Generator Frequency response monitoring
System Stress Indication
Black Out Prevention
Integration of Renewable & Distributed Energy Resources

Advantages
Lower Opex by saving fossil fuels
Lower Capex by reducing upfront investment
Reduced Water usage
Lower Carbon Emissions
Reduce Technical Losses by providing power in load centers
and resistive losses in transformers and overhead lines
Technical Benefit from DRE
Dynamic Stability from Wind Turbines that utilizes Power
Electronics with Doubly Fed Induction Generators
essentially improving stability by providing more control
over dampening of disturbances
Reactive Powers provided by inverters backed systems
can be locally used to adjust for changes in
requirements of reactive power flow compared to
capacitors providing more operational flexibility
Increased reactive powers provided by DG can give
more room for active power flow inside transmission
network
Function of Distribution Automation
Consists of using algorithms such as feeder load
management
Volt/VAR optimization on data provided by sensors
Fault flow indicators to remotely control the field
devices such as re-closers, smart switches
Optimize network operations
Increase reliability and improve outage management
Outage Management (FLISR)
FLISR: Fault Indication, Isolation and Service Restoration
11kV Feeders are traditionally protected from the grid
based on Over Current and distance protection (on
T/Ls). All faults are cleared using switch gear operation
reducing life of equipment
Manual Identification of faults and clearing requires
skilled man-power and time
Installation of automation devices such as smart
disconnectors can automatically restore faults