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Economic Growth I:
Capital Accumulation and
Population Growth
80 Nepal
70 Bangladesh
% of population
60 Kenya Botswana
50 China
40 Peru
Mexico
30 Thailand
20
Brazil Chile
10 Russian
S. Korea
Federation
0
$0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000
Income per capita in dollars
Why growth matters
Note:
Note: this
thisproduction
productionfunction
function
exhibits
exhibitsdiminishing
diminishingMPK.
MPK.
Capital per
worker, k
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 12
The national income identity
Y=C+I (remember, no G )
In per worker terms:
y=c+i
where c = C/L and i = I /L
c1
y1 sf(k)
i1
k1 Capital per
worker, k
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 16
Depreciation
Depreciation == the
the rate
rate of
of depreciation
depreciation
per worker, k == the
the fraction
fraction of
of the
the capital
capital stock
stock
that
that wears
wears out
out each
each period
period
Capital per
worker, k
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 17
Capital accumulation
k = s f(k) k
k = s f(k) k
The Solow models central equation
Determines behavior of capital over time
which, in turn, determines behavior of
all of the other endogenous variables
because they all depend on k. E.g.,
income per person: y = f(k)
consumption per person: c = (1s) f(k)
k = s f(k) k
If investment is just enough to cover depreciation
[sf(k) = k ],
then capital per worker will remain constant:
k = 0.
Investment
and k
depreciation
sf(k)
k* Capital per
worker, k
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 21
Moving toward the steady state
k = sf(k)
Investment k
and k
depreciation
sf(k)
k
investment
depreciation
k1 k* Capital per
worker, k
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 22
Moving toward the steady state
k = sf(k)
Investment k
and k
depreciation
sf(k)
k1 k2 k* Capital per
worker, k
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 24
Moving toward the steady state
k = sf(k)
Investment k
and k
depreciation
sf(k)
k
investment
depreciation
k2 k* Capital per
worker, k
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 25
Moving toward the steady state
k = sf(k)
Investment k
and k
depreciation
sf(k)
k2 k3 k* Capital per
worker, k
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 27
Moving toward the steady state
k = sf(k)
Investment k
and k
depreciation
sf(k)
Summary:
Summary:
As
As long
long asas kk << kk**,,
investment
investment willwill exceed
exceed
depreciation,
depreciation,
and
and kk will
will continue
continue to to
grow
grow toward
toward kk**..
k3 k* Capital per
worker, k
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 28
Now you try:
Assume:
s = 0.3
= 0.1
initial value of k = 4.0
k*
3 k*
k*
s1 f(k)
k
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I
k1* k 2*
slide 35
Prediction:
1,000
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Investment as percentage of output
(average 1960-2000)
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 37
The Golden Rule:
Introduction
Different values of s lead to different steady states.
How do we know which is the best steady state?
The best steady state has the highest possible
consumption per person: c* = (1s) f(k*).
An increase in s
leads to higher k* and y*, which raises c*
reduces consumptions share of income (1s),
which lowers c*.
So, how do we find the s and k* that maximize c*?
*
y gold f (k gold
*
) *
k gold steady-state
capital per
worker, k*
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 40
The Golden Rule capital stock
f(k**)) kk**
cc** == f(k k*
is
is biggest
biggest wherewhere the the
slope
slope of of thethe f(k*)
production
production function function
equals
equals
the
the slope
slope of of the
the *
depreciation
depreciation line: line: c gold
MPK =
*
k gold steady-state
capital per
worker, k*
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 41
The transition to the
Golden Rule steady state
The economy does NOT have a tendency to
move toward the Golden Rule steady state.
Achieving the Golden Rule requires that
policymakers adjust s.
This adjustment leads to a new steady state with
higher consumption.
But what happens to consumption
during the transition to the Golden Rule?
then y
then increasing
increasing cc**
requires
requires aa fall
fall in
in s.
s.
c
In
In the
the transition
transition to
to
the
the Golden
Golden Rule,
Rule, i
consumption
consumption is is
higher
higher at at all
all points
points
in
in time.
time. t0 time
then
then increasing
increasing cc**
requires y
requires an an
increase
increase in in s.
s. c
Future
Future generations
generations
enjoy
enjoy higher
higher
consumption,
consumption,
but
but the
the current
current i
one
one experiences
experiences
an
an initial
initial drop
drop t0 time
in
in consumption.
consumption.
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 44
Population growth
k = s f(k) ( + n) k
actual
break-even
investment
investment
sf(k)
k* Capital per
worker, k
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 48
The impact of population
growth
Investment,
break-even ( +n2) k
investment
( +n1) k
An
An increase
increase in
in nn
causes sf(k)
causes anan
increase
increase in
in break-
break-
even
even investment,
investment,
leading to a lower
steady-state level
of k.
1,000
100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Population Growth
(percent per year; average 1960-2000)
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I slide 51
The Golden Rule with
population growth
To find the Golden Rule capital stock,
express c* in terms of k*:
c* = y* i*
= f (k* ) ( + n) k*
In
In the
the Golden
Golden
c* is maximized when Rule
Rule steady
steady state,
state,
MPK = + n the
the marginal
marginal product
product
or equivalently, of
of capital
capital net
net of
of
MPK = n depreciation
depreciation equals
equals
the
the population
population
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I
growth
growth rate.
rate. slide 52
Alternative perspectives on
population growth
The Malthusian Model (1798)
Predicts population growth will outstrip the Earths
ability to produce food, leading to the
impoverishment of humanity.
Since Malthus, world population has increased
sixfold, yet living standards are higher than ever.
Malthus omitted the effects of technological
progress.