DPB 2033

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 3
CALCULUS

SUBTOPIC
3.2 DERIVATIVES
34
3.3 VARIABLE POINT

2033
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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME:

Calculate correctly accurately business mathematics problems using

CLO1
the various basic equation and formula algebraically or graphically.
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this topic, student should be

able to :

Determine the first and second derivatives.

Explain the variable of critical points:
maximum, minimum and inflection points.
Determine the coordinates of the maximum
point and minimum point.
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 Differentiate the Derivatives
0
0Derivative of a function is a function
0Differentiate the derivative of a function and thus
obtain the higher derivative of the function.

dy or or f is called the first derivative

'

dx

d2y or or ''
f is called the second derivative
dx 2
(y double prime)

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Example 1
Given f ( x) 3x 2 x x 4 x 5 , find f ( x )and f ( x)
4 3 2 ' ''

Solution

f ( x) 3x 2 x x 4 x 5
4 3 2

f ' ( x) 12 x 3 6 x 2 2 x 4
f '' ( x) 36 x 2 12 x 2

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dy 2
4(3 x ) 5(2 x) 7(1)
dx
12 x 2 10 x 7
d2y
2
12 (2 x) 10 (1)
dx
24 x 10
exercise

3
x
1
3

3 x 2 2

3 x 1 2
Second Derivative
 Maximum and Minimum Values
0Definition

0 Critical Point

0 A point on curve where the gradient is zero (0) that is:

or is not defined.
0 3 types of critical point:

0 Maximum point

0 Minimum point

0 Inflection point

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Maximum and Minimum Values
Maximum and Minimum Values
exercise
 Find the turning point for each of the curve below.
Determine whether the turning point is a maximum or a
minimum point.

2
1 y 2 6x x
2
2
y 5 4x 2x

2
3 y x 8x
2
4 y x 3x 6
 Maximum Point Minimum Point

is not defined

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Maximum and minimum
points

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 Continue..
0 If the critical point is also known as the
stationary point.
0 The maximum and minimum points are also
called turning points.

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 Continue..
0 If then the function is increasing in the
interval

0 If then the function is decreasing in the

interval

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 Example 2
0 Find the intervals on which the function is
increasing and decreasing.

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 Solution
0

If , (-ve). Therefore, is decreasing.

It follows that if is decreasing.

If , (+ve). Therefore, is increasing.

It follows that if is increasing.

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 The first derivative
test
0
0 Maximum point
0 Refer the following graph, point A is
a maximum point. The slope of the
curve is positive (+ve) to the left of
point and negative to the right of
the point .
0 If have a maximum point at , then
at .

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 The first derivative
test
Maximum point

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 Maximum
point

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The first derivative test
Test table

+ 0 -

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 The first derivative
test
0
0 Minimum point
0 Refer the following graph, point B is
a minimum point. The slope
changes from negative (-ve)to the
left of point and the curve is
positive (+ve) to the right of the
point .
0 If have a minimum point at , then
at .
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 The first derivative
test
0 Minimum point

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 Minimum
point

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The first derivative test
Test table

- 0 +

Slope

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 Example 3
0 Determine the maximum and minimum
points of the function using the First
Derivative Test.

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 Solution
0
+ 0 -
Slope
Critical point when

is a maximum number, so that the maximum

point is . The minimum point does not exist.

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 Second derivative test
0 Suppose is twice differentiable at a
stationary point
0 If then has a relative minimum at .
0 If then has a relative maximum at .

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2nd DERIVATIVE TEST
METHODS
Step on finding max/min points:

1. Find y(x) and y(x) .

2. Find x when y(x)=0 or where y doesnt exist.

3. Substitute x in y(x).

4. Do 2nd derivative test:

i. y(x) < 0 max point at x.

ii. y(x) > 0 min point at x.

iii. y(x) = 0 test failed, use 1st derivatives test.

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 Example 4
0Locate
and describe the relative extrema of .

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 Solution
0

Solving yields the critical points , .

Then, check for

Thus, there is relative maximum at and there are

relative minima at and
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 Example 5
0 Use the second derivative test to find the
minimum and maximum point, if exist for the
function

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 Solution
0

The critical point when and .

; shows that there is a relative maximum at .
Then is a maximum point = .
; shows that there is a relative minimum at .
Then is a minimum point = .

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 Inflection point
0 At the critical point , when:
to the left of ,
and
to the right of

at is called the point of inflection.

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 Concave up
Inflection
point
(0.0)

Concave down

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 Example 6
0 Determine the maximum, minimum or
inflection points for the function

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 Solution
0

At critical point,

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 Solution
0When
, (+ve)
Therefore is a minimum point.
When -2, (-ve)
Therefore is a maximum point.
At inflection point,

Since therefore (-1,5) is an inflection point.

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 Exercise
0Determine
the maximum, minimum or
inflection points if they exist for each of the
function below:

Next, sketch the graph of the function.

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