Korupsi dan

Sistem Politik
Nur Rachmat Yuliantoro
Korupsi politik sebagai isu global
S-1 HI UGM, 12 Februari 2017
Mengapa sistem politik? (1)

Korupsiwould not exist if the political

institutions were able to exert the
necessary influences and controls.
(Jain, dalam Jain, 2001, p. 4)

Korupsi
biasanya dihasilkan dari
interaksi antara kekayaan dan
kekuasaan, interaction that defines
the moral codes of the society. (Jain, p.
6)
Mengapa sistem politik? (2)
Corruption, thus, will depend upon the
combination of the rents that an interest
group can see itself earning through policy
changes, costs (corruption-related
payments) it has to incur to change policies,
and the enforcement-related costs, that
is, the cost of penalties associated with being
discovered. (Jain, p. 7 cetak tebal ditambahkan)
Corruption depends both on the organization
of electoral and legislative processes and on
the extent to which wealthy interests seek
benefits from the political system. (Rose-
Ackerman, dalam Jain, 2001, p. 35)
Isu 1: Pembiayaan
kampanye politik
Ketika
korupsi politik adalah hal yang biasa,
sangat mudah untuk menemukan politik
korupsi. (T.M. Lubis, Lingkaran Setan Politik Korupsi ke
Korupsi Politik, Tempo, 41/33, 6 Desember 2004).

Bagaimana mengurangi biaya kampanye

politik?
1. Kurangi lamanya waktu untuk kampanye.
2. Rumuskan disclosure rules yang tegas.
3. Batasi sumbangan individu dan pengeluaran
kandidat.
(Rose-Ackerman, pp. 51-52)
Isu 1: Pembiayaan kampanye
politik

Sebuah reformasi politik harus include

both the growth of a private economic
sector that includes firms that demand
a well-functioning government and the
maturation of the political system to
the point where politicians see that
they can win elections by appealing to
voters demands for a cleaner and
more effective government. (Rose-
Ackerman, p. 57)
 Isu 2: Mengapa pemilih
mendukung politisi yang korup?
If
indeed corruption is deemed morally wrong
and tends to decrease the average voters
welfare, why do corrupt politicians and parties
remain in the business of politics? (Kurer, dalam
Jain, 2001, p. 66)
Aregime that has frequent elections,
political competition, active and well-
organized opposition forces, an
independent legislature and judiciary, free
media, and liberty of expression is bound to
generate more limits on the scope and
frequency of corruption than one that does
not have them. (Elliott, 1997, p. 11 sebagaimana dikutip
dalam Kurer, p. 67 cetak tebal ditambahkan)
Isu 2: Mengapa pemilih
mendukung politisi yang korup?
Clientelism and a desire for corruption
were due to the material extra-bureaucratic
benefits it supplies. (Kurer, p. 68 cetak tebal dan garis
bawah ditambahkan)
Cultural determination: In many societies
no such clear distinction exists. In the private
sector, gift giving is pervasive and highly
valued, and it seems natural to provide jobs
and contracts to ones friends and relations.
No one sees any reason not to carry over
such practices into the public realm. In fact,
the very idea of a sharp distinction
between public and private life seems
alien to many people. (Rose-Ackerman, 1999, p. 91
sebagaimana dikutip dalam Kurer, 71 cetak tebal ditambahkan)
Isu 2: Mengapa pemilih
mendukung politisi yang korup?

Collective action problems: For most

ordinary people in developing countries,
achieving increased administrative
competence and honesty is a collective
action problem. Consequently, their
interest in reform remains latent; it does
not spontaneously develop into politically
compelling demands. (Geddes, 1994, p. 35
sebagaimana dikutip dalam Kurer, p. 73)

Missingalternatives: pemilih mungkin

mendukung politisi yang korup karena
tidak ada pilihan lain. (Kurer 74)
Isu 3: Apakah Gaji yang Tinggi bagi
Politisi/Birokrat Mengurangi Korupsi?

Pengalaman Swedia (Lindbeck 1975 as quoted in

J. Svensonn, Eight Questions about Corruption, 2005, p. 32).

[W]ageincentives can reduce bribery,

but only under certain conditions. This
strategy requires a well-functioning
enforcement apparatus; the bribe
being offered (or demanded) must not
be a function of the officials wage;
and the cost of paying higher wages
must not be too high. (Svensonn, p. 33)
Diskusikan!
Akankahkorupsi politik yang tidak
terkontrol dan menyebar luas akan
menghasilkan sistem politik yang
membusuk?
Apakahada sistem politik yang
bebas dari korupsi? Bila ya,
bagaimana kita bisa mendapatkan
dan mempertahankan sistem
tersebut?
Apakah demokrasi liberal adalah