Angle in Standard Position

• An angle formed by it’s initial side along the positive x-

axis, with it’s vertex at the origin, and it’s terminal side
placed at the end of the rotation.

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 Angles: Units of Measurement)
Degrees ( ___ ° )
Angles can be measured
Radians ( ___rad )

Degree : 1 complete revolution = 360°

If smaller measurements than degree are required :

1. Tenths, hundredths or thousandths of degree.

2. Minutes (1° = 60’ )
3. Second ( 1° = 60 x 60 =3600” )
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 Radian Measure
• An angle measures 1 radian when the angle intercepts an arc
on a circle equal to the radius of the circle.

• 1 radian is approximately 57.3.

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Relationship between degrees and radians.

180° =  rad.

1° =  / 180 rad. 1 rad = 180°/ 

 0.0175 rad  57.2958°
To convert from degrees to To convert from radians
radians, multiply by to degrees, multiply by
 radians
. 180
180 
.
 radians
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 Example

• Convert each of the following to either radians or

degrees.
a) 150 b) 75
 150 5  75 5
150    75   
180 180 6 radians 180 180 12
7
c) 4 radians d) 3 radians

7 180 1260 180 540

   315 3   171.9
4  4  

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Changing radians to degrees, minutes and seconds

1  60' (minutes)
1'  60'' (seconds)
Example:
If   3 approximate  in terms of degrees, minutes and seconds.

Solution: 180 
3 radians  3( )

 171.8873
 171  (0.8873)60'
 171  53.238'
 171  53' (0.238)(60)' '
 171 53'14.28' '
 171 53'14' ' 6
 Example
• We express 19°47′23″ as a decimal, to the
nearest ten-thousandth of a degree:

7
 Length of a Circular Arc

In a circle of radius r, the length s of an arc that

subtends a central angle of radian  is
s=r

8
 Example
• Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 10 cm

associated with an angle of radians.
4

s
 or s  r
r
s  r
 10 5
s  10   
4 4 2
s  7.85 cm

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 Area of a Circular Sector
In a circle of radius r, the area A of a
sector with a central angle of  radians is
1 2
A r 
2
A

r

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 Example:
Find the area of a sector with central angle
0
120 if the radius of the circle is 9 cm.
_____________________________________
Answer: 1 2 1 2  2 
A  r   (9)  
2 2  3 

 27 cm 2

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Trigonometry of Right Angle Triangle.

P( adjacent, opposite )

use
ten opposite
ypo
h


adjacent

1. sin  = opp/hyp 4. csc  = hyp/opp

2. cos  = adj / hyp 5. sec  = hyp / adj
3. tan  = opp/adj 6. cot  = adj / opp

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Example: If  is an acute angle and cos  = ¾, find the values of
Trigonometric functions of .

Solution: We know from Pythagorean theorem that hyp2 = opp2+adj2

4 2  3 2  opp 2
opp  7
4
p = sin   opp/hyp  7 / 4
hy opp
cos   adj/hyp  3 / 4

adj = 3 tan   opp/adj  7 / 3

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Fundamental Identities

14
 Example Write tan  + cot  in terms of sin 
and cos .
Solution

sin  cos
tan  cot  
cos sin 
sin 2  cos2 
 
cos sin  cos sin 
Also Study Example 6 sin 2
  cos 2

On page 380 as an exercise 
cos sin 
1

cos sin  15
 EXERCISE
• Show that the following equation is an identity
by transforming the left-hand side into the
right-hand side:

• Solution We begin with the left-hand side and

proceed as on the next slide:

16
Solution (cont’d)

17
 Other Angles
• We can extend the definitions of the trigonometric
functions to angles that are not acute.
• If θ is acute, then we can express the trigonometric
functions of θ using a point P(x, y) on the terminal
side of θ

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Other Angles (cont’d)

19
 Example
• If θ is an angle in standard position on a rectangular
coordinate system and if
P(–15, 8) is on the terminal side of θ, find the values
of the six trigonometric functions of θ.
• Solution The point P(–15, 8) is shown on the next
slide:

20
Solution (cont’d)

21
 Solution (cont’d)
• Applying the definition of the trigonometric functions x = –15,
y = 8, and

we obtain

22
 Exercise 49 page 370
A large winch of diameter 3 feet is used to hoist cargo, as shown in the figure.
 Find the distance the cargo is lifted if the winch rotates through an angle of 7π/4
 Find the angle through which the winch must rotate in order to lift the cargo d feet
 Find the exact values of the angle if cos( )  8 / 17
 Solve cos( )  0 and sin( )  0

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