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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
II. INTERVAL OF ADMINISTRATION
III. TIME OF ADMINISTRATION
IV. DURATION OF THERAPHY
V. TECHNIQUE OF ADMINISTRATION
The reasons :
1. Most Convenience (oral)
2. To maximize concentration at the site of action
3. Minimize it else where (topical)
4. To prolong the duration of drug absorption
5. Avoid the first pass effect
6. Economical
7. Safest
D
I
S
T
I R
I
Dose of N Drug in Blood B Drug in General L
Drug at site of U Circulation
P T O
Absorption I
U S
O
T N S
Drug at sites
of Action
Pharmacologic Effect
Clinical Effect
Toxicity Efficacy
Utility
Classification Of Route Drug Administration
Duodenum : pH = 6 6.5
Bicarbonat neutralized the acidic chyme
The complex fluid to dissolved drugs with limited
aqueous solubility
Collon : pH = 5.5 7
Lumen content more viscous semisolid limited drug
absorption
Theophyllin and metoprolol absorbed
Levo dopa and lactulose metabolized by enteric bacteria
(aerobic micro organism)
Absorption of clindamycin and propanolol
Parenteral Route
Intravenous (I.V.)
- After injection distribused via the circulation to all part of body
- Aqueous solution
- Bioavailability is complete and rapid
- Drug delivery is controlled and achieved with an accuracy and
immediately
- Certain irritating solution of drug can be given
- Unfaforable reaction (high concentration of drug in plasma and
tissues)
Disadvantages : - once injected no retreat
- Drug in oily vehicle, precipitate blood constituent,
hemolized erythrocyte (should not be given)
Intravenous Infusion (I.V.inf) a drug slowly infusion
Intramuscular (I.M.)
- After Intramuscular injection diffuses from muscle into the
surronding tissue fluid the blood distributed via the circulation
- Different muscle tissue have different blood flow
- Aquaeous solution / suspension
Subcutaneous (S.C.)
- Injection under the skin
- The effect < I.V. and I.M.
Other Route
Transdermal Route
1. Mucouse membrane
- A drug applied to mucouse membranes of the conjunctive
nasopharinx, aropharinx, vagina, collon, urethra, and urinary bladder
- Primary for the local effect
- Absorption readily
2. Skin
- Few drugs readily penetrate the intact skin
- Absorption is dependent on the surface area, lipid solubility and vehicle
of the drugs
- The effect local or systemic
- Eye ; topically applied local effect
Inhalation Route
- Pulmonary absorption / respiratory tract
- Gas on volatile drugs
- Solution of drug atomized
- Avoidance of hepatic first-pass loss
Some Cracteristics of Common Routes of Drug
Administration
ROUTE BIOAVAILABILITY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Enteral Routes
Absorption may vary. Safest and easiest Some drugs may have
Oral (PO) Generally, slower route of drug erratic absorption, be
absorption rate administration. unstable in the gastoin
compared to IV bolus
or IM injection. May use immediate- testinal tract, or be
release and metabolized by liver
modified-release prior to systemic
drug products. absorption.
Rectal (PR) Absorption may vary Useful when patient Absorption may be
from suppository. can not swallow erratic.
medication. Suppository may migrate
More reliable different position.
absorption from Used for local and
enema (solution). systemic effects. Some patient discomfort.
ROUTE BIOAVAILABILITY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Parenteral
Routes Complete (100%) Drug is given for Increase chance for
Intravenous systemic immediate adverse
(IV) drug absorption. effect. reaction.
Rate of Possible
bioavailability anaphylaxis.
considered
instantaneous.
Intravenous Complete (100%) Plasma drug levels Requires skill in
infusion (IV systemic drug more precisely insertion of
inf) absorption. controlled. infusion set.
Rate of drug Tissue damage at
absorption May inject large site of
fluid volumes.
controlled by
infusion pump. May use drugs with injection
poor lipid solubility (infiltration,
and/or irritating necrosis,
drug. or sterile Abscess).
EVERY
Every .. hours
12-hourly : 10.00, 22.00
8-hourly : 06.00, 14.00, 22.00
6-hourly : 06.00, 12.00, 18.00, 24.00
4-hourly : 06.00, 10.00, 14.00, 18.00. 22.00, 02.00
Base on :
1. Chemical properties of drugs
Exp : Anticholinergic drugs reduce secretion and peristaltic of intestinal.
These drugs should be taken one hour before meal.
3. Possible interaction :
Interaction between drug
Drug that interact with antacid in stomach
Exp : Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Cloxacillin, Nitrofurantoin
Interaction Drug and Food
Drug interferred by gastric chyme
Exp : Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Erythromycin, Lincomycin
(Should be taken during empty stomach)
4. Drugs that synchronized with chyme (food)
Exp : Doxycycline, Doxycycline hyclate, Erthromycin, ethylsuccinate,
Griseofulvin.
(should be taken with meals)
5. Stomach-irritating drugs
Exp : Aminophylline, Acetyl salicilic acid, Codein, Phenylbutazon
1.Liquid, consisting of :
1. Caudal needle
2. Epidural needle
3. Intravenously anesthetic needle
4. Blood transfusion needle
5. Spinal needle
6. Biopsy needle
7. Cerebral angiographic needle
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION IN
INJECTION DRUGS
1. INTRADERMAL OR INTRACUTANEOUS
Dosage form : Solution and Suspension
Volume : 100- 200 I.U per I.C
Purpose : Tuberculine Test and Immunization
Equipments : Disposable syringe with small,
short size needle, Desinfected cottons
2. SUBCUTANEOUS OR HYPODERMAL INJECTION
Dosage form : Solution or oil
Volume : No more than 2 ml
Deltoid muscle :
Easy, with position of facing laterally, sitting,
or standing, needs attention that the area is
very limited and the existence of large bone,
blood vessels, and nerve fibers.
Drug Volume :
1. No more than 2 ml.
2. Wash hands thoroughly
3. Make the patient ensure and explain the procedure
4. Rub disinfectant on the skin
5. Ask the patient to let the muscles relaxed, because if the
muscle is in contraction will the drug liquid flow into the
surrounding tissue leading to irritation and pain sensation.
6. Shoot the needle in perpendicular position (90 degrees) to
the skin surface
7. Re-suck to ensure if it shot blood vessel (if it did so, repeat
the procedure from point 4, or replace with new syringe, if
any)
8. Inject the drug by pressing the pump slowly and gradually
to diminish pain sensation
9. Remove the needle quickly
10. The injection site is press using the other hand with
sterilized cotton, fix it with plaster
11. Observe the patient's reaction, necessarily keep the patient
calm
12. Clean the hands and used equipments
4. INTRAVENOUS DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
Materials :
Syringe filled with air-free drug liquid,
Needle of 20 gauge, long and moderate thickness
Disinfectant
Cotton, plasters, and tourniquet
Injection Procedure :
1. Wash the hands thoroughly
2. Ensure the patient and explain what will be done
3. Localize the injection site, choose forearm slightly lower from
cubital fossa. The vein lies more superficially and is not covered
and easy to legate.
4. The patient is asked to be relaxed with fisting the related hand.
5. Tourniquet is set up, then see the vein to be swollen while
giving disinfectant on to the skin area.
Injection Procedure :
6. Vein is stabilized by replacing the pressing hand to the
skin in line with the vein longitudinal axis, using the other
hand.
7. Direct cardially the needle to vein with 35 degree of angle,
shoot the needle slowly into 3-5 mm depth of vein
8. Do aspiration, if there is blood inside the syringe, it means
that the needle has aimed to the vein, instead, try again.
9. Tourniquet then is removed
10. Inject the drug slowly, observe the pain sensation, swelling
or hematoma; if the needle is still in vein, try to suck again.
11. The needle then should be removed immediately while the
injection site is press with cotton and subsequently cover
it with plaster.
12. Observe the patient's reaction, meanwhile wash your
hands and clean the used equipments
INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF
FLUID
Intravenous fluids refers to fluid that is
administered intravenously in large amount
through infusion.