Line Coding

Contents:
Waveform representation of binary digits
PCM waveform type
Why so many PCM waveform?
Selection of PCM waveforms
Waveform representation of binary digits
Waveform types
On-off / Unipolar waveform
Polar waveform
Bipolar waveform

Unipol
ar
V/2
Polar -V/2

Bipola
r
 Merits and Demerits of Different
waveforms
The on-off pulse is attractive from the point
of view of simplicity of terminal apparatus
It has several disadvantages
For a given transmitted power it is less immune
to noise than the polar scheme
It has a non zero PSD at DC so ac coupling is
required during transmission
Transmission bandwidth is excessive
On-off signaling has no error detection or
correction capability
It is not transparent
Merits and Demerits of Different
waveforms
Advantages of polar signaling
Polar signaling is more efficient than
on-off signaling
For a given transmitted power polar
signaling is more efficient
It is transparent
Disadvantages
No discrete clock frequency
component in a polar signaling
Merits and Demerits of Different
waveforms
Advantages of bipolar signaling
Its spectrum has a DC null
Its bandwidth is not so excessive
It has single error detection capability
It has discrete component of clock
frequency when it is rectified
Disadvantages
A bipolar signaling requires twice as much
power as that required for a polar
signaling
It is not transparent
 PCM Waveform Type/Line Coding
Line Coding

NRZ RZ Phase Multilevel

Encoded Binary

NRZ-L NRZ-M NRZ-S

Bi--L Bi--M Bi--M DM

Unipolar Bipolar RZ- Dicode Dicode

RZ RZ AMI NRZ RZ
 Various PCM Waveform
Changes level from
10 or 01
1 change level
Differential 0 no change in level
coding
1 no change level
0 change in level
1 half period wide
pulse 0 absence of
pulse
1 one-half-bit wide
+ve pulse 0 one-half-
bit wide -ve pulse
1 equal magnitude
alternating pulses, 0
absence of pulses
 Various PCM Waveform
Manchester 1half-bit-wide pulse
coding positioned at the first half
of the bit interval 0
positioned at opposite side
Transition at the beginning
1second transition
one- half bit interval later
0 no second transition
Transition at the beginning
1 no second transition
0second transition one-
half bit interval later
1Transition at the mid
Miller coding point of the bit interval 0
no transition unless it
follows by another zero
Duobinary 1 0 or 01 data
transition changes the pulse
polarity, without data
transition the 0 level is sent
Why so many PCM waveform
DC component null
Self clocking
Error detection
Bandwidth Compression
Differential encoding
Noise immunity
DC component null
Self Clocking
 Error detection

Duobinary
Bandwidth Compression
 Differential encoding

Differential
coding
Noise immunity

Threshold
level

Threshold
level
High Density Bipolar (HDB) Signaling
The problem of nontransparancy in bipolar signaling is eliminated by
adding pulses when no. of consecutive 0s exceeds n. Such a modified
coding is designated as high density bipolar coding, HDBn, where n can
take on any value 1, 2, 3 .and so on. The most important of the HDB
codes is HDB3.

The basic idea is:

When no. of binary 0s are more than n

n+1 0s are replaced by one of the special sequences (in case of n=3)
000V or 100V, depending on no. of 1 before the n+1 0s
When no. of 1 is odd, the sequence is 000V and when the no. of
1 is even, the sequence is 100V
The V bit is encoded by a pulse of such a polarity as to violate the
bipolar rule
1 bit in 100V is encoded by a pulse of polarity following the bipolar
rule
 High Density Bipolar (HDB) Signaling
Input
Digits: 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

Coded
Digits: 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 V 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 V 1 0 0 V 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 V 1

Transmitted Waveforms

Due to bipolar violation, HDB signaling retains error detection capability

DC null is obtained as bipolar signaling
Digital Modulation
Contents:
Digital Modulation Techniques
Bandwidth requirements
Transmitter and Receiver
Operations