Chapter 14:

Rural and
Urban
Communities
 Objectives

Define community, rural community and urba

n community;
Discuss the evolution of the city;
Compare the rural and urban community;
Identify and explain the different ecological pr
ocesses;
Explain urban ecology and the shape of cities;
and
Discuss the ways of revitalizing the2 cities.
 Outline

Introduction: Definition and Nature of Community

The Nature of the Rural and Urban Community
1. Rural Communities
2. Urban Communities
. The Evolution of the City
1. Nomadic Existence
2. Neolithic Period
3. Polis
4. Pre-Industrial City
5. Industrial Revolution
6. Metropolis
7. Megalopolis

3
 Outline

Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

Urban Ecological Process
1. Concentration
2. Dispersion
3. Gradient
4. Centralization
5. Decentralization
6. Segregation
7. Invasion
8. Succession or Conversion
9. Zoning

4
 Outline

Urban Ecology and the Shape of cities

Six Models of Spatial Characteristics
Concentric Zone Model
Multiple Nuclei Model
Sector Model
Zoning
Mega Structure
New Town
Urban planning and renewal: Revitalizing the cities
Aspects of urban renewal

5
 Community

a place where one resides, works, and carry on his daily routines o
f life.
a social organization that is territorially socialized and through whi
ch its members satisfy most of their daily needs and deal with mos
t of their common problems. ( Olsen, 1968 )
any social set of social relationship operating within certain bound
aries, locations and territories.

6
 Three broad meanings involved in theorizing about community

1.community as locality
gives off a geographical meaning of a human settlemen
t within a fixed and bounded local territory.
2. network of interrelationship
the conflict as well as by mutuality and reciprocity.
3.community spirit
community can be seen to refer to a particular type of s
ocial relationships that possess certain qualities.

7
 Elements of Community

Population - groups of people

Territory an area of land
Social interaction sense of interrelatedness
Sharing of commonness or bond

As social organization, the community has a structure with m

embers possessing interrelated status and roles for specializ
ed functions.
8
 Human Ecology

refers to the study of the development and

organization of the community and spatial dist
ribution in relation to the environment. ( Hawl
ey, 1950 )
9
 The Nature of the Rural and Urban Community

Philippines at present is characterized by a trend towards u

rbanization, it is still a nation predominantly composed of b
arrios and barangays.
Philippine communities is the rural-urban dichotomy.

gemeinschaft - a social association in which the individuals ar

e inclined towards social community rather than their individu
al wants and needs.
gesselschaft - a civil society in which the individual needs ar
e given more importance than the social association.
10
 Rural Communities

are localities which are small, having a homogeneity of cult

ure and personal relationships.
comprises a group of inhabitants who live a rustic or count
ry lifestyle.
the Philippine rural communities refer to the 1,496 munici
palities and 41,994 barangays.

11
 Rural Communities

Philippines is a land of barriosand considered asbackb

one of the nation because they provide urban areas with
food and raw materials for industry.
Due to modernization and advanced technology many tow
ns and cities are undergoing urban transformation.
But Philippines is thus still predominantly rural.

12
 Urban Communities

Communities

refers to the cities or urban settlements characterized by size

, density and heterogeneity, which in combination provide th
e basis for a complex division of labor and fundamental chan
ges in the nature of social relationships.
depends on the countryside for their basic subsistence.
Cities are powerful but dependent.

13
 Urban Communities

Communities

City a large, dense and permanent settlement of socially di

verse people who do not directly produce their own food.
Philippines has 113 chartered cities, including Metro Manila,
known as the National Capital Region.
Cities have shaped human culture.

14
 The Evolution of the City

1. Nomadic Existence food gathering stage, hunting, fishing

and foraging for food.

2. Neolithic Period cultivation of plants and domestication o

f animals.

3. First True Cities or Polis ( 6000 and 5000 B.C ) settlements

in the basin of Nile,Tigris. Euphrates and Indus Rivers; emergen
ce of powerful political kingdoms (e.g., Rome and Athens)

15
 The Evolution of the City

4. Pre-industrial City refers to the limited feudal technology

in the middle ages.
13th Century to A.D 1600 - it includes the pre- industrial cities of Thebe
s (Greece); Memphis (Egypt); Babylon (Iraq); Chengchaw (China); Khattush
as (Turkey); Corodva (Spain); Constatinopole (Turkey); Kyoto (Japan).

5. Industrial Revolution and Urban Explosion (mid 18th cen

tury ) characterized by technological innovations, improved tra
nsportation and communication, increased production; busines
s ideology.

16
 The Evolution of the City

6. Metropolis
refers to a metropolitan area, a geographical area with a larg
e population nucleated together with adjacent communities wh
ich have a high degree of economic and social integration with t
hat nucleus.
the capital or chief city of a country or region

Ex: In the Philippines, the City of Manila is called the METROPO

LITAN CITY because it is the central city surrounded by other ci
ties.

17
 The Evolution of the City

7. Megalopolis
literally means supercity or the great city
the merger of many cities and surrounding suburbs.
a developing urban form in which seperate cities grow togeth
er, forming an onterdependent entity.
urban sprawl - the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas or
the unplanned growth that has created the megapolis.
Ex: The Northeastern seaboard of United States
18
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
1. Culture homogeneous,simpl heterogeneous,complex
e
2. Occupation Generally fishing, Non-fishing, non-
farming, food farming, professions,
gathering, cottage skilled and semi-
industries. skilled, sales and
servicing, business and
commercial pursuits,
and white collar jobs,
underground economy.

3. Geography Natural physical Artificial, cultural

environment; natural environment human
resources; offers resources.
opportunities in
quiet solitude and
tranquility.
19
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
4. Spatial Farm villages; line Sector model,
and round villages; concentric zone;
Patterns nucleated type; multiple nuclei model,
dispersed type; great megastructure, ghettoes
breathing spaces. and slums.

5. Family More nuclear; More extended;

bilateral close ties; bilateral, economic,
bilocal or neolocal political, religious
familistic relations; and educational
and family loyalty; functions are taken by
kinship relations; other entities;
traditional values. romantic love as basis
for choosing one's
mate; increased numbers
of live-ins,
extramarital births amd
marital infidelity;
secular values
20
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
6. Religion Majority are Religious
Roman Catholics, tolerance and
with Aglipayan religious
religion pluralism but
predominant in still
the North and predominantly
Islam in the Roman Catholic;
South; fiesta folk Catholicism
celebration in and split-level
honor of patron Christianity are
saints; more observed.
superstitious;
folk Catholicism.

21
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
7. Economic Higher percentage of Lower percentage of
labor force (61.9%)- labor force (38.1%)-
in agriculture, great diversification
fishing, live-stock, of occupations in
cottage industry and business and
forestry; higher industries, white
incidence of poverty collar jobs, skilled
and indebtedness; and semi-skilled
prevalence of sari- jobs; social
sari stores and fish services; underground
and farm products. economy; banks and
financial facilities;
domestic and foreign
trade; establishment
of supermarkets,
groceries fast food
centers and
restaurants.
22
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
8. Government Barangay government City government with
with a barrio city councils from
captain, six different districts;
councilmen; some operates City
powers of central Charter; more
government; Local critical electorate.
Government Code,
political patronage
still exists.

23
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
9. Education One finds only a 6- Complete elementary,
grade elementary secondary and
school or, at best, tertiary education
a community high both public and
school which is private, better
poorly equipped and equipped schools and
lack of cometent more competent
teachers, higher teachers, lower drop-
drop-out rates; outs and higher
Muslims and cultural passing percentage in
communities suffer achievement tests
from neglect; low
quality education.

24
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
10. Social Fewer social classes More open and
and no extremes in international in
Classes wealth; 2-class composition; upper
structure: upper class ( politicians,
( foreign elites and landlords, businessman,
Filipino ) and lower industialists and
class or big people financiers); middle
and small people, a class ( civil servants,
symbolic relationships mobile intellectuals,
exists between these merchants, etc); lower
two groups. class ( cosmopolitan
and provinciano)
11. Social More on ascribed More achieved status,
status few achieved heterogeneity of status
Status status; homogeneity of due to varied culture
status in farming or and opportunities for
fishing village social mobility.
determined by birth
and personal
qualities. 25
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
12. Social More horizontal Prevalence of
Mobility mobility; social vertical mobility
mobility due to low over horizontal
density of mobility; more
population and geographic mobility;
homogeneity of education as impetus
culture, less for upward mobility.
mobility mobile.

13. Sparsely populated; Densely populated;

Population man-to-land ratio is man-to-land ratio is
Density small; more moving large; congested.
space.

26
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
14. Social Social ostracism; Laws, rules,
Control gossip; rumors; regulations; fines,
customs and imprisonment; capital
traditions; punishment, rumor,
superstitions; gossip coulumns.
ordinances; praises;
commendations;
folkways and mores;
public opinions.
15. Animal-drawn Modern means of
Transportation vehicles; few transportation and
and jeepneys and buses; communication
Communication radio, letters,
scantly newspapers;
Tagalog magazines
and comics

27
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
16. Leisure Few ball game; All types of sports
and gossiping, gambling, and recreations;
Entertainment playing bingo and modern recreational
checkers, or seeing facilities; hobby
neighbors and clubs and sporty
cockfighting, clubs.
drinking tuba or
beer; do needle work
or embroidery, read
literature and
magazines in
vernacular.

28
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
17. Health and Poor health Better health
Sanitation services, services; more clinics
malnutrition of pre- and hospitals; more
school children, variety of nutritious
unsanitary foods; disease-
surroundings; control; hygienic
unhygienic practices; surroundings except
prevalence of air- inslum areas.
borne, water-borne,
communicable skin
diseases, sub-
standard dwellings;
unsafe water supply;
greater trust in
herbolarios and faith
healers

29
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
18. Gemeinshaft community; Gessellschaft
Interpersonal personal, close and community; impersonal
Relationships intimate, family values; businesslike,
and Social visiting, strong bonds contractual, secondary
Interactions of friendship; group relations,
bayanihan spirit; extreme division of
primary group labor, decline in bonds
relations; kinships of kinship,
groups; communal neighborliness and
activities; we intimacy; segmented and
feeling or in-group fragmentary social
feeling; familistic work.
relations and family
loyalty; sustained and
intimate relation with
relatives and close
neighbors

30
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
19. Usually chosen with Traditional
Leadership reference to politician; usually
personal qualities chosen with reference
which conform to to intelligence,
local values. party machine and
personal qualities.
20. Social and Slow; rural people Rapid; social change
Cultural are unprepared to due to new technology
Change accept and adopt and continued
some of the migration of various
developed ethnic groups.
technologies and the
lack of strong local
institutions to
carry in project.

31
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
21. Cultural Cultural Varied cultural
Advantages and disadvantages; no advantages and odern
Facilities art centers, museum, facilities for modern
universities and living.
theaters, no modern
facilities such as
running water,
sewage, disposal,
electricity,
telephones and
supermarkets

32
 Comparison of Rural and Urban Community

RURAL URBAN
22. Social Poverty; illiteracy; Rising crime rates,
Problems unsanitary juvenile delinquency;
surroundings; pollution;
unhygienic congestion;
practices; corruption; disorder,
unemployment; poor alienation, drug
quality of life; trafficking and drug
poor quality of abuse, alcoholism,
education; poor farm poverty and
production; lack of pauperism;
cultural, prostitution and
educational and mental illness,
modern amenities. housing projects,
flooding; traffic
jams; squatters and
slums, gang welfare;
scavenging.
33
 Urban Ecological Process

It refer to patterns of physical changes in the ci

ty and the way the people adapt to the changing
urban environment.
34
 Urban Ecological Process

1. Concentration
It refers to the increase of the population in a given area whi
ch is determined by density of population. It occurs with the
growth of towns and cities
Population Density - refers to the number of people distrib
uted per square kilometer in a given geographic area.
Ex: Movement of people towards the city center due to the perc
eived economic, cultural and educational opportunities and
advantages in the city.
35
 Urban Ecological Process

2. Dispersion
It refers to the outward movement of population from city c
enters to the outlying sections.
3. Gradient
It refers to the condition of receding degrees of dominance f
rom a dominant center towards the adjoining areas.
Dominance - refers to the controlling social and economic p
osition of the central business district in relation to the other
areas.
Ex: The central business district commands the highest land val
ue in reltion to other areas.
36
 Urban Ecological Process

4. Centralization
It refers to the condition where various institutions and esta
blishments are drawn together along lines of transportation
and communication or to the cluster alont the same street o
r the same area.
Ex: In Manila the entertainment places are found along Mabini
and M.H. del Pilar. etc.
5. Decentralization
It refers to the scattering of functions from the main busines
s districts to the suburbs or outlying districts. It is the opposi
te of centralization.
37
 Urban Ecological Process

6. Segregation
It refers to the tendency of people belonging to the same ethnic group
ing, religion, social class, or occupation to live together in an exclusive
area.
Distinct culture, ethnic background, or economic social class are
FACTORS to segregation
Ex: The formation of Chinatown, Muslim Community in Palanca St. Quiap
o, etc.
7. Invasion
It occurs when new types of people, institutions or activites enter an a
rea previously occupied by a different type.
Ex: Residential areas along C.M Recto are invaded by business and indust
ry.

38
 Urban Ecological Process

8. Succession or Conversion
It refers to the condition where invasion reaches the climx st
age, that is, when the new inhabitants, institutions or new fu
nctions completely dominatr or completely occupy the area.
Ex: Swampy areas used to be planted with kangkong was conve
rted to an area for educational institution
9. Zoning
It is a procedure by which land parcels are designated by law
for specific purposes and the sizes of the lots and structures
to them are regulated.
Ex: School zone and hospital zone areas in the city
39
 Urban Ecology and the Shape of Cities

Urban Ecology
is concerned with the configurations an
d relationships that occur among people, t
heir activities, an the land they occupy.

scientific study of the relations of

living organisms with each other and t
heir surroundings in the context of ur
ban environment
40
 Six Models of these Spatial Characteristics

Concentric Zone Model

it is a model of urban structure proposed by Ernest Burgess (192
5).
cities develop within a business district at the core,surrounded by
an area of transition characterized by residential instability and h
igh crime rates, beyond which are the various residential areas.

41
 Six Models of these Spatial Characteristics
Multiple Nuclei Model
it is a model of urban structure proposed by Chauncy Ha
rris and Edward Ullman (1945).
land uses, costs and interests cause a city to develop a se
ries of nuclei, eachwith specialized activities. Each nucle
usacts like a growth point.

42
 Six Models of these Spatial Characteristics
Sector Model
it is a model of urban structure proposed by Homer Hoyt
(1939).
cities are composed of sectors, around a central business
district, distributed along major transportation routes rad
iating outward the center.

43
 Six Models of these Spatial Characteristics

Zoning
procedure by which lan
d parcels are designated
by law for specific purp
oses and the sizes of the
lots and structures to th
em are regulated.

44
 Six Models of these Spatial Characteristics

Mega Structure
type of futuristic archi
tecture in which acres
of living, working, and
recreational spaces ar
e supported high abov
e the earth's surface.

45
 Six Models of these Spatial Characteristics

New Town
comprehensively plan
ned settlement, usuall
y near a larger metrop
olis, built to absorb ur
ban growth in a syste
matic fashion.

46
 Urban Planning and Renewal: Revitalizing the Cities

Urban planning
means of directing the city's physical and social growth and c
hanges to provide a more healthy, pleasant and prosperous
environment.
it implied not only structural and special arrangements but a
lso implies provisions for employment, education, health, h
ousing, safety and comfort.
included are plans, programs and projects designed to meet
the overwhelming urban plight and problems and to improv
e the image of the city as truly a city of man.
47
 Aspects of Urban Renewal

Beautification and greening projects

Renewal and disposal of garbage
Housing projects
Designs for easing traffic (MMDA)
Infrastructure projects such as the construction of fly-overs
and LRT II & III
Slum improvement programs; slum clearance
Provisions for livelihood and revenue generating projects
Zoning policies
48
 Aspects of Urban Renewal

Improving various services of the city

Converting dumpsites into a housing and industrial center
Imposing a regional tax in the suburbs
Involvement of private sector groups, including developers, planners,
bankers property owners and retailers in city programs
Renovation and redevelopment projects
Urban enterprise zone specific areas in which government regulation
s are reduced and firms located there are allowed substantial tax bre
aks
Self-help projects among neighborhood groups
Preservation of buildings and houses with historical and architectural
importance

49