27-1
Male Reproductive System
Testes
Primary organs
Develop in the abdominal
pelvic cavity of fetus
Descend into scrotal sac
shortly before or after birth
Produce the male sex cells
(sperm)
Produce the male hormone
testosterone
Scrotum sac that holds
the testes
Seminiferous tubules
On top of testes
Filled with spermatogenic
cells that produce sperm
cells
Interstitial cells produce
testosterone
Male
System
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 27-3

Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis

Spermatogonia (46 chromosomes)

Mitosis makes primary spermatocytes

Undergo meiosis two secondary spermatocytes

Divides two spermatids = 4 spermatids

Develop flagella to become mature sperm cells

with 23 chromosomes

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 27-4

Sperm Cells
Head Tail
Nucleus with 23 Flagellum that propels
chromosomes sperm forward
Acrosome enzyme-
filled sac
Helps sperm penetrate
ovum
Midpiece
Mitochrondria that
generate cells energy

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 27-5

Male Internal Accessory

Epididymis Organs
Seminal vesicle
Sits on top of each testis Secrete
Receives spermatids from Fluid rich in sugar used to
make energy
seminiferous tubules
Prostaglandins
Spermatids become stimulate muscular
sperm cells contractions in female to
propel sperm forward
Seminal fluid
Vas deferens Released into vas
Tube connected to deferens just before
epididymis ejaculation
60% of semen volume
Carries sperm cells to
urethra
Male
System

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 27-6

Male Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Prostate gland
Surrounds urethra
Produces and secretes a
milky, alkaline fluid into
urethra just before
ejaculation
Fluid protects sperm in the
acidic environment of the
vagina
40% of semen
Bulbourethral
(Cowpers) glands
Produce a mucus-like fluid
Secreted just before
ejaculation
Lubricates end of penis
Semen
Alkaline mixture
Nutrients
Prostoglandins
1.5 to 5.0 ml per ejaculate
Sperm count of 40 to 250
million/mL

Male
System

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 27-7

Male External Accessory Organs

Scrotum Penis
Holds testes away from Shaft
body Erectile tissues surround
urethra
Temperature 1 below body Glans penis
temperature Cone-shaped structure on
Lined with serous end of penis
membrane that secrets Prepuce
fluid Skin covering glans penis
Testes move freely in uncircumcised males
Functions
Deliver sperm
Urination

Male
System

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 27-8

Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation

Erection
Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates erectile tissue
Becomes engorged with blood

Orgasm
Sperm cells propelled out of testes into urethra
Secretions from accessory organs also released into urethra

Ejaculation
Semen is forced out of urethra
Sympathetic nerves then stimulate erectile tissue to release
blood
Penis returns to flaccid state

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 27-9

Male Reproductive Hormones

Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates anterior pituitary to release
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) initiates
spermatogenesis
Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates interstitial cells
in the testes to produce testosterone
Testosterone
Secondary sex characteristics
Maturation of male reproductive organs
Regulated by negative feedback

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 27-10

Apply Your Knowledge

Matching: ANSWER:
___
D Vasectomy A. Spermatogenesis

___
F Mixture of sperm and fluids B. Testes

A Sperm cell formation

___ C. Penis

___
G Secrete alkaline fluid/prostaglandins D. Vas deferens
B Produce testosterone
___ E. Hypothalamus
E GnRH
___ F. Semen

C Erectile tissue
___ G. Seminal vesicle

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 27-11

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries (2)
Primary sex organs produce
Sex cells called ova
Hormones estrogen and progesterone
Located in the pelvic cavity
Medulla
Inner area; contains nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood
vessels
Cortex
Outer area; contains ovarian follicles
Covered by epithelial and dense connective tissues
Female
System

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 27-13

Ovum Formation (cont.)

Primordial follicles Oogenesis is the process
develop before birth and of ovum formation
contain At puberty, primary oocytes
A primary oocyte or are stimulated to continue
immature ovum (born with meiosis
maximum number) Becomes 1 polar body (a
nonfunctional cell) and
Follicular cells A secondary oocyte

Secondary oocyte released

during ovulation

If fertilized, the oocyte

divides to form a mature,
fertilized ovum

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 27-14

Female Internal Accessory Organs

Fallopian tube oviduct
Infundibulum and fimbriae
Fringed, expanded end of fallopian tube near ovary
Function to catch an ovum

Muscular tube
Lined with mucous membrane and cilia
Propels ovum toward uterus

Internal Accessory
Organs

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 27-15

Female Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Uterus Internal Accessory
Organs

Hollow, muscular Wall of uterus

organ Endometrium
Receives embryo and Innermost lining
Vascular
sustains its
Tubular glands
development mucus
Divisions Myometrium
Fundus domed upper Middle, thick,
portion muscular layer
Body main portion Perimetrium
Cervix narrow, lower Thin layer covering
section extending into the myometrium
vagina (cervical Secretes serous fluid
orifice) to coat and protect
uterus

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 27-16

Female Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)

Vagina
Tubular, muscular organ
Extends from uterus to outside body (vaginal
introitus)
Muscular folds rugae enable expansion
Receive erect penis
Passage for delivery of offspring and uterine secretions
Wall
Innermost mucosal layer
Middle muscular layer
Outer fibrous layer
Internal Accessory
Organs

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 27-17

Internal Female Organs

Back

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 27-18

External Accessory Organs

Mammary glands
Secretion of milk
Structures
Nipple
Oxytocin induces
lactiferous ducts to
deliver milk through
openings
Areola pigmented area
around nipple
Alveolar glands within
mammary glands
Make milk when
stimulated by prolactin

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 27-19

External Genitalia
Collectively known as the vulva
Labia majora
Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin
Protect other external reproductive organs

Labia minora
Folds of skin between labia majora
Very vascular
Merge to form hood over clitoris
Vestibule space enclosed by labia minora
Bartholins glands secrete mucus during sexual External
Genitalia
arousal

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 27-20

External Genitalia (cont.)

Clitoris
Anterior to urethral meatus
Contains female erectile tissue
Rich in sensory nerves
Perineum
Between vagina and anus
Area for episiotomy, if needed, during birth
process
External
Genitalia

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 27-21

Orgasm
Bartholins glands activate lubrication
Vagina elongates
Walls of uterus and fallopian tubes contract to
propel sperm up tubes

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 27-22

Female Reproductive Hormones

Hypothalamus
GnRH Anterior pituitary
secretes GnRH releases FSH & LH

lates
timu
S

Estrogen and progesterone

Ovaries to produce
estrogen and Responsible for development
progesterone of secondary sex characteristics

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 27-23

Reproductive Cycle
Menstrual cycle
Regular changes in uterine
lining, resulting in monthly
bleeding

Menarche first menstrual

period

Menopause termination of
cycle due to normal aging of
ovaries

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 27-24

Reproductive Cycle (cont.)

Anterior pituitary Ovarian follicle Uterine lining thickens
releases FSH matures and secretes
estrogen Lining more vascular
Then releases
LH and glandular
Triggers
ovulation Without fertilization
Corpus luteum degenerates
Estrogen and progesterone
levels fall
Follicular cells
become Uterine lining breaks down
corpus luteum, menses starts
which secretes
progesterone Cycle begins again with
release of FSH

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 27-25

Apply Your Knowledge

YIPPEE!

True or False: ANSWER:

___
F The ovaries only produce estrogen. produce estrogen and progesterone

___
F Ovulation is the process of ovum formation. Oogenesis

T The fallopian tube is also called the oviduct.

___
___
F The endometrium is the outer layer of the uterine wall. inner layer

T Alveolar glands produce milk.

___
F
___Oxytocin induces the alveolar glands to deliver milk through the
nipples. lactiferous ducts

F Menarche is the termination of the menstrual cycle.

___ first

T Menopause occurs due to normal aging of the ovaries.

___

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 27-26

Contraception
Method Description
Coitus interruptus Penis is withdrawn from vagina before ejaculation;
not a reliable method

Rhythm method Requires abstinence around time of ovulation; not a

reliable method

Mechanical Prevent sperm from entering female reproductive

barriers tract

Chemical barriers Destroy sperm in the female reproductive tract;

primarily spermicides; often used with mechanical
barriers

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 27-27

Contraception (cont.)
Method Description
Oral Birth control pills; prevent ovulation by preventing
contraceptives LH surge

Injectable Prevent ovulation and alter lining of uterus to

contraceptives prevent implantation of blastocyst

Insertable Ring inserted vaginally and removed at the

contraceptives beginning of the 4th week to allow menstruation
Contraceptive Small rods of progesterone implanted beneath skin;
implants prevent ovulation

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 27-28

Contraception (cont.)
Method Description
Transdermal Contraceptives in the form of a patch; applied
contraceptives weekly for 3 weeks; not used the 4th week to allow
menstruation

Intrauterine device Small, solid devices placed into uterus by MD;

(IUD) prevents implantation of blastocyst

Surgical methods Tubal ligation fallopian tube fulgurated to prevent

sperm from reaching oocyte
Vasectomy vas deferens is fulgurated to prevent
ejaculation of sperm

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 27-29

Apply Your Knowledge

Your patient has just been told that she is pregnant, but she
does not understand why she could get pregnant. She
states, I have been using the rhythm method of birth
control very carefully. What patient teaching would you do
to assist her to understand?

ANSWER: The rhythm method is not as effective as other

birth control, because it is sometimes difficult to tell when
ovulation occurs.

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 27-30

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

STD Cause
AIDS HIV virus causes AIDS; described in Chapter 21

Chlamydia Caused by bacterium; most commonly reported;

often no symptoms in female
Genital warts Caused by HPV; not everyone infected has
symptoms
Gonorrhea Bacterial cause

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 27-31

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (cont.)

STD Cause
Herpes simplex Caused by viruses; type I causes cold sores; type II
commonly known as genital herpes; may be passed
from mother to child during childbirth
Pubic lice Parasitic infestation; commonly called crabs

Syphilis Caused by bacteria; decreasing in women but

increasing in males who have sex with other males
Trichomoniasis Caused by protozoan parasite; also called
trichomonas infection or trich

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 27-32

Apply Your Knowledge

Match: ANSWER: S
___
D Most commonly reported STD in the U.S. A. Gonorrhea
U
___
F Two types; both caused by a virus B. Genital warts
P
___
E Crabs C. Syphilis
E
___
C Increasing incidence in males D. Chlamydia
R
___
A Common bacterial STD; can also grow in mouth E. Pubic lice
!
___
B Caused by HPV virus F. Herpes simplex

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