ENGLISH LECTURE

PRESENTATION
GROUP 10:
AVISA ULIMA
RIKA IRMA YANTI
KINANTYA PUTRI RIDELFI
BAYU RAGIL PANGESTU
ISWARA SARDI
ANTIBIOTICS PROPHYLAXIS
FOR ENDOCARDITIS PATIENTS
WHAT IS ANTIBIOTIC?
Antibiotics are frequently used in dental practice.
Clinical and bacteriological epidemiological factors determine
the indications of antibiotics in dentistry.
Antibiotics are used in addition to appropriate treatment to aid
the host defences in the elimination of remaining bacteria. It is
indicated when there is evidence of clinical sign involvement
and spread of infection.
Antibiotics are prescribed in dental practice for treating
odontogenic infections, non-odontogenic infections, as
prophylaxis against focal and local infection.
Special care needs to be addressed to patients with organ
transplants, poorly controlled diabetes and pregnancy.
Antibiotics should be used only as an adjunct to dental treatment
and never alone as the first line of care.
 Penicillin is the drug of choice in treating odontogenic
infections as it is prone to gram positive aerobes and
intraoral anaerobes, organisms found in alveolar abscess,
periodontal abscess and necrotic pulps.
Both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms are
susceptible to penicillin.
Penicillinase-resistant penicillin or an ampicillin-like
derivative is prescribed for infections caused by
penicillinase-producing staphylococci or those involving
gram-negative bacteria.

Antibiotics for
odontogenic infections
 The non-odontogenic infections require a prolonged
treatment.
They include infections such as tuberculosis, syphilis,
leprosy and non-specific infections of bone.
New synthetic antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones are the
drug of choice for management of non- odontogenic
infections.
Fluoroquinones are indicated for bone and joint infections,
genitourinary tract infections, and respiratory tract
infections

Antibiotics for non-

odontogenic infections
ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS TO PREVENT
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Infective endocarditis is an uncommon but serious and often
life threatening condition. The pathogenesis of infective
endocarditis comprises of a complex sequence of events.
Anatomic localization of infection is determined by the
adherence of microorganisms to various sites.
The coincidence between bacterial infection and endocarditis
was described before the turn of 20th century.
Studies have shown that dental procedures are trigger factors
for few cases of endocarditis.
A poor condition of the periodontal health is a substantial risk
factor. Lockhart reported more incidence of infective
endocarditis following dental extraction and periodontal
surgery.
 Ottent et al reported that bacteremia was associated with
74% of patients following tooth extraction.
Antibiotic prophylaxis not only acts by destroying
bacteria, but also by inhibiting bacterial adherence.
It is indicated in high risk dental procedures in patients
with pre-existing high rate cardiac disorders.
The standard regimen includes high doses of amoxicillin
in children and adults, one hour before the dental
treatment. 2 g of oral amoxicillin should be given to adults
before the dental procedure commencement.
ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS TO
PREVENT INFECTIVE
ENDOCARDITIS
 Consideration for antibiotic prophylaxis should be given for patients with kidney,
liver failure and pregnancy.
Hard or soft tissues of the mouth are affected in patients with chronic renal failure.
Physician consultation is advised before and after organ transplant.
Patients treated with corticosteroids for a long time may require an additional need
of corticosteroids to prevent adrenal crisis.
The dose is doubled if the patient is on 30-40 mg per day of hydrocortisone for a
month.
An additional supplement is not required if the dose is up to 30 mg per day of
hydrocortisone.
Dental treatment is safer, when performed three months after surgery. Six months is
considered as the best time and antibiotic prophylaxis is necessary if any invasive
dental treatment is to be performe

Antibiotic regimen with

precaution
GRAMMATICAL RULES REVIEW
Gerunds and Infinitives
1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You
can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence
Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence
I enjoy reading. object of sentence
Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."
Examples:
He enjoys not working.
The best thing for your health is not smoking.

2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an
infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
To learn is important. subject of sentence
The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence
He wants to learn. object of sentence
Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."
Examples:
I decided not to go.
The most important thing is not to give up.
 A phrasal verb is a combination of words (a verb + a preposition or verb +adverb)
that when used together, usually take on a different meaning to that of the original
verb.

E.G :
grow + up
>> The children are growing up.
Often this gives the verb a new meaning:
take + after
>> She takes after her mother
= She looks like her mother, or She behaves like her mother.
count + on
>> I know I can count on you
= I know I can trust you, or I know I can believe you.

PHRASAL VERB
 IF CLAUSE
Conditional Sentences are also known as
Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to
express that the action in the main clause (without if) can
only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if)
is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.
type condition
I condition possible to fulfill
II condition in theory possible to fulfill
III condition not possible to fulfill (too late)

Conditional clause Main clause

1. If + Present Tense will + inf / present tense / imperative

IF CLAUSE
2. If + Past Tense would + inf
3. If + Past Perfect Tense would have + past participle
 Example of If Clause
If I have enough money, I will go to
1. First conditional:
Japan.
If I had enough money, I would go to
2. Second conditional:
Japan.
If I had had enough money, I would
3. Third conditional:
have gone to Japan.
WH-QUESTIONS
Wh-questions begin with what, when, where, who,
whom, which, whose, why and how. We use them to ask
for information. The answer cannot be yes or no.
We usually form wh-questions with:
wh- + an auxiliary verb (be, do or have) + subject +
main verb
wh- Be:
+ aWhen
modal verb + subject Whos
are you leaving?
+ main verb:
been paying the bills?

Do: Where do they live? Why didnt you call me?

Have: What has she done now? What have they decided?

Modal: Who would she stay with? Where should I park?

THANK YOU