ST E E L E L AN D T IM B ER D ESIGN

ARCHITECTURAL ST E
 STEEL
A HARD, STRONG, GRAY OR BLUISH-GRAY
ALLOY OF IRON WITH CARBON AND
USUALLY OTHER ELEMENTS, USED
EXTENSIVELY AS A STRUCTURAL AND
FABRICATING MATERIAL.
PRIMARILY CARBON THAT IS WIDELY USED
IN CONSTRUCTION AND OTHER
APPLICATIONS BECAUSE OF ITS HIGH
TENSILE STRENGTH AND LOW COST.
STEEL'S BASE METAL IS IRON
 IRON
A METAL IN THE FIRST TRANSITION SERIES.
IT IS BY MASS THE MOST COMMON ELEMENT ON EARTH, FORMING
MUCH OF EARTH'S OUTER AND INNER CORE.

IT IS THE FOURTH MOST COMMON ELEMENT IN THE EARTH'S CRUST.

IRON IS EXTRACTED FROM IRON ORE BY REMOVING THE OXYGEN
THROUGH COMBINATION WITH A PREFERRED CHEMICAL PARTNER
SUCH AS CARBON THAT IS LOST TO THE ATMOSPHERE AS CARBON
DIOXIDE. THIS PROCESS, KNOWN AS SMELTING
SMELTING
 TYPES OF STEEL
CARBON STEEL
CARBON STEELS CONTAIN TRACE AMOUNTS
OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS AND ACCOUNT FOR
90% OF TOTAL STEEL PRODUCTION. CARBON
STEELS CAN BE FURTHER CATEGORIZED INTO
THREE GROUPS DEPENDING ON THEIR
CARBON CONTENT:
LOW CARBON STEELS/MILD STEELS
CONTAIN UP TO 0.3% CARBON
MEDIUM CARBON STEELS CONTAIN 0.3
0.6% CARBON
HIGH CARBON STEELS CONTAIN MORE
THAN 0.6% CARBON
ALLOY STEEL
ALLOY STEELS CONTAIN ALLOYING
ELEMENTS (E.G. MANGANESE, SILICON,
NICKEL, TITANIUM, COPPER, CHROMIUM
AND ALUMINUM) IN VARYING PROPORTIONS
IN ORDER TO MANIPULATE THE STEEL'S
PROPERTIES, SUCH AS ITS HARDENABILITY,
CORROSION RESISTANCE, STRENGTH,
FORMABILITY, WELDABILITY OR DUCTILITY.
APPLICATIONS FOR ALLOYS STEEL INCLUDE
PIPELINES, AUTO PARTS, TRANSFORMERS,
POWER GENERATORS AND ELECTRIC
MOTORS.
 TYPES OF STEEL
STAINLESS STEEL
STAINLESS STEELS GENERALLY
CONTAIN BETWEEN 10-20% CHROMIUM
AS THE MAIN ALLOYING ELEMENT AND
ARE VALUED FOR HIGH CORROSION
RESISTANCE. WITH OVER 11%
CHROMIUM, STEEL IS ABOUT 200 TIMES
MORE RESISTANT TO CORROSION THAN
MILD STEEL
TOOL STEEL
TOOL STEELS CONTAIN TUNGSTEN,
MOLYBDENUM, COBALT AND VANADIUM
IN VARYING QUANTITIES TO INCREASE
HEAT RESISTANCE AND DURABILITY,
MAKING THEM IDEAL FOR CUTTING AND
DRILLING EQUIPMENT.
ROMAN ERA
THE ROMANS LEARNED HOW TO TEMPER WORK-HARDENED STEEL TO
REDUCE ITS BRITTLENESS.

3RD CENTURY AD
CHINESE CRAFTSMEN MANUFACTURED
HIGH-QUALITY STEEL, LIKELY HAVING
SOMETHING SIMILAR TO THE BESSEMER
PROCESS.
11TH CENTURY
DAMASCUS STEEL WAS A TERM USED IN WESTERN CULTURE FROM THE
MEDIEVAL PERIOD ONWARD TO DESCRIBE A TYPE OF STEEL CREATED IN
INDIA AND USED IN SWORD MAKING FROM AROUND 300 BC TO 1700 AD.
16TH - 18TH CENTURY
STEEL WAS NOW RECOGNIZED AND WELL ESTABLISHED AS A
VALUABLE MATERIAL.

EXPENSIVE STEEL WAS PRODUCED IN LIMITED QUANTITIES BY

ARTISANS, AND EXPENSIVE WAS ALSO USED IN APPLICATIONS
OTHER THAN ARMOR AND WEAPONRY.

SWEDEN LED THE WAY DURING THE 18TH CENTURY - NEW

TECHNIQUES BEGAN TO EMERGE, WHICH IMPROVED QUALITY AND
CONSISTENCY.
 1712 1740 1769
STEAM ENGINE WAS CRUCIBLE STEEL TECHNIQUE SCOTTISH INVENTOR JAMES
INVENTED BY THOMAS IS DEVELOPED BY ENGLISH WATT PERFECTS NEWCOMEN
NEWCOMEN INVENTOR BENJAMIN DEVICE AND PATENTS FIRST
HUNTSMAN EFFICIENT STEAM ENGINE.
 1783 1794
ENGLISHMAN HENRY CORT A BALL BEARING IS A TYPE OF
INVENTS THE STEEL ROLLER ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARING
FOR STEEL PRODUCTION. THAT USES BALLS TO MAINTAIN
THE SEPARATION BETWEEN
THE BEARING RACES.
1855
THE BESSEMER PROCESS WAS
THE FIRST INEXPENSIVE
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS FOR
THE MASS-PRODUCTION OF
STEEL FROM MOLTEN PIG
IRON.
 1860 1868 1873
RAILWAYS OPEN U.S TUNGSTEN STEEL ARRIVES BARBED WIRE PLAYED AN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE
PROTECTION OF RANGE
RIGHTS IN THE U.S. WEST.
 1876 1883 1873
AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION
BROOKLYN BRIDGE IN NEW THE INVENTION OF STAINLESS
OF IRON AND STEEL WORKERS
(COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE YORK CITY (FIRST STEEL WIRE STEEL ATTRIBUTED TO ONE
AA) WAS AN AMERICAN LABOR SUSPENSION BRIDGE) OPEN HARRY BREARLEY FROM
UNION THAT REPRESENT IRON SHEFFIELD
AND STEEL WORKERS.
 1950 1967 2010
ADOPTED BY US MILITARY IN
THE LATE 1950S, SHIPPING THE WORLD STEEL ASSOCIATION N 2011, NIPPON STEEL
CONTAINERS, WHICH WERE FOUNDED AS THE MERGED WITH SUMITOMO
LARGE REUSABLE STEEL INTERNATIONAL IRON AND METAL TO BECOME THE
BOXES USED FOR INTERMODAL STEEL INSTITUTE (IISI) IN WORLD'S SECOND LARGEST
SHIPMENTS, HELPED BRUSSELS, BELGIUM ON 19 STEEL COMPANY IN THE
STANDARDIZATION. OCTOBER 1967.
WORLD
TODAY AND TOMORROW
WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION REACHED 1,621 MILLION TONES (MT) IN
2015, DOWN BY 2.9% COMPARED TO 2014. IN 2015, CHINA ACCOUNTED FOR
44.8% OF THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR STEEL, COMPARED TO 45.9% IN 2014.

THE FUTURE
STEEL IS 100% RECYCLABLE WITH NO DOWNGRADING IN QUALITY, WHICH
MAKES STEEL THE MOST RECYCLED MATERIAL IN THE WORLD. BUT
STEELMAKING IS NOT ISOLATED - IT IS GOVERNED BY MANY LAWS, RULES,
REGULATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS. THEREFORE, AS WE LOOK TO THE
FUTURE, GOVERNMENTS AND SOCIETY MUST MAKE INFORMED DECISIONS ON
WHERE AND HOW TO SENSIBLY ADD EXTRA RULES AND RESTRICTIONS.
SUCCESSFUL STEELMAKING MUST OPERATE WITHIN THESE FRAMEWORKS
AND CONTINUE TO EXPLORE NEW SUSTAINABLE WAYS FORWARD INTO THE
FUTURE.
ADVANTAGES
METAL BUILDINGS ARE EXTREMELY DURABLE AND TYPICALLY LAST
LONGER THAN OTHER TYPES OF BUILDINGS.

IMMUNE TO TERMITES AND ARE MUCH MORE LIKELY TO WITHSTAND

EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS THAN OTHER BUILDING
MATERIALS.

USUALLY REQUIRE LESS MAINTENANCE AND TEND TO COST LESS TO

INSURE.

STEEL BUILDINGS TAKE LESS TIME TO BUILD THAN OTHER TYPES OF

STRUCTURES, WHICH IS EXTREMELY CONSEQUENTIAL, AS THE
EXPRESSION TIME IS MONEY
ADVANTAGES
STEEL BUILDINGS CAN BE CONSTRUCTED WITH SUPERIOR
INSULATING SYSTEMS THAN ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURES, MAKING
THEM MUCH MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT.

METAL BUILDINGS ARE EXCELLENT NOT ONLY FOR STORAGE AND

WAREHOUSE FACILITIES, BUT COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS NEEDING
SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMIZATION.
DISADVANTAGES
METAL BUILDING STRUCTURES TEND TO NOT WORK VERY WELL FOR
MULTI- STOREY BUILDINGS.

WHILE THEY LESS EXPENSIVE THAN CONVENTIONAL STEEL AND

CONCRETE BUILDINGS, METAL BUILDING STRUCTURES COST MORE
THAN WOOD BUILDING STRUCTURES.

IN OCEANIC CLIMATES, STEEL CAN SUSCEPTIBLE TO CORROSION.

THIS THREAT CAN BE NEUTRALIZED BY USING CORROSION-
RESISTANT STEEL, BUT THIS DOES REQUIRE ROUTINE
MAINTENANCE.
ENGINEERING STEEL
ENGINEERING STEELS ARE
ESSENTIALLY WROUGHT STEELS
DESIGNED FOR MECHANICAL AND
ALLIED ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS.
 PROPERTIES
LIGHT MATERIAL
HIGH STRENGTH
DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
ELASTICITY, UNIFORMITY OF
MATERIAL

LONG TERM MAINTENANCE

SUSTAINABILITY
SPEED- LOWER CONSTRUCTION
COST
 HIGH RATIO OF STRENGTH TO
WEIGHT

EASE OF FABRICATION AND SPEED

OF ERECTION
STEEL CO N N E CT I ON
A R E S T R U C TU R AL ELEMENTS
CONNECTIONS E MBERS OF
G D IF FE R E NT M
USED FOR JOININ
R A L ST E E L FR A ME WORK
STRUCT U
COMPONENTS OF A CONNECTION

BOLT WELD CONNECTING ANGLE AND

CONNECTING PLATE
BASIS OF CONNECTING MEDIUM

RIVETED CONNECTIONS
BOLTED CONNECTION
WELDED CONNECTION
BOLTED WELDED CONNECTION
STEEL ST RUC TU RES

IS M A D E F RO M ORGANIZED
ICH
STRUCTURES WH T EE L MEMBERS
STRU C TU R A L S
COMBINATION OF
O CA R RY LO A D S AND PROVIDE
DESIGNED T
ITY
ADEQUATE RIGID
BRIDGES
TOWERS
STADIUM
AMUSEMENT
PARK RIDES
ATTRACTIONS