Inverter with adjustable gain

7.1 Operational Amplifiers

Negative feedback

The terminal 1 is a virtual ground

since terminal 2 is grounded.
Inverting configuration,

This is a classic example of what negative feedback does. It

takes an amplifier with very large gain and through negative
feedback, obtain a gain that is smaller, stable, and predictable. In
effect, we have traded gain for accuracy. This kind of trade off is
common in electronic circuit design as we will see more later.
7.1 Operational Amplifiers
Negative feedback

vi vi
Rin R1
i1 vi / R1
Inverting configuration,
Input Resistance:
Assuming an ideal op amp (open-loop gain A = infinity), in the
closed-loop inverting configuration, the input resistance is R1.
7.1 Operational Amplifiers
Negative feedback

Inverting configuration,
Output Resistance: i1
vt
v1
R1
vt
R2 R1 R1 R2
Roa is usually small and so AR1
vt (1 )
Rout is negligible when A i2
vt ( Av1 )

R1 R2
Roa Roa
is large v Roa
R t
i2 1 A R1
R1 R2 Roa
Rout R ( R1 R2 ) Rout
R1
1 A
R1 R2
 7.1 Operational Amplifiers
Negative feedback
vo R2
Af
vi R1
vi
Rin R1 Ro 0
i1
Inverting configuration,

We can model the closed-loop

inverting amplifier (with A =
infinite) with the following
equivalent circuit using a
voltage-controlled voltage
source