EKSPLORASI (ENERGI) PANASBUMI

115131232

Geothermal Conceptual Models

Bambang Prastistho
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A VOLCANIC HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM WITH
ASSOCIATED CHARACTERISTIC SURFACE MANIFESTATION

The model is based on the Suretimeat system (Vanuatu)

But it shows features typical of other volcanic-hydrothermal system
Broken lines with T1 and T2 represent inferred isotherms for 150C
and ~350C respectively M.P. HOCHSTEIN & P.R.L. BROWNE (2000)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A YOUNG IGNEOUS GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM HOSTED IN
AN ANDESITIC STRATOVOLCANO

F. GOFF & C.J. JANIK (2000)

The exploitable reservoir is usually found in horizons 200C.
Depth to typical reservoir is 1.5 km
Depth to intrusions varies from 2 to 10km
Lateral dimension of reservoir and outflow may exceed 20 km
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A LIQUID DOMINATED HIGH-TEMPERATURE SYSTEM
BENEATH A PARTIALLY ERODED, HIGH STANDING VOLCANIC COMPLEX

M.P. HOCHSTEIN & P.R.L. BROWNE (2000)

Exhibiting lateral zonation (downstream) of surface manifestations
A large amount of heat is discharged by concealed outflows that are
partly sealed through mineral deposition
The heat source is a cooling pluton.
The model is based, in part, on the Palinpinon system (Philippines)
SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF A HIGH-TEMPERATURE STEAMING GROUND SYSTEM WITH
A NATURAL TWO-PHASE (COEXISTING LIQUID AND VAPOR)

M.P. HOCHSTEIN & P.R.L. BROWNE (2000)

Reservoir beneath a broad volcanic center in a semiarid
environment
Showing the restricted variety of surface manifestations in this
setting
The model has some affinity to the Olkaria system (Kenya) and
many other similar systems in the East African Rift Valley
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A VAPOR DOMINATED SYSTEM
BENEATH A BROAD, HIGH STANDING VOLCANIC COMPLEX

The reservoir has a

condensate layer on its
top
Heat transferred within
the reservoir is
discharged at the
surface by steam and
hot condensates
(bicarbonate waters)
The heat source is a
cooling puton
The model has some
similarity to the
Kamojang system
(Java)

M.P. HOCHSTEIN & P.R.L. BROWNE (2000)

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A LIQUID DOMINATED SYSTEM
STANDING IN RATHER FLAT TERRAIN

The heat source is an extensive layer of hot crustal rocks that contain
some partial melts and host intrusions
The model has some similarity to the Wairakei system (NZ)
M.P. HOCHSTEIN & P.R.L. BROWNE (2000)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A HEAT-SWEEP SYSTEM (FORCED CONVECTION)
PRODUCING INTERMEDIATE T-RESERVOIR WITHIN AN ACTIVE CONTINENTAL RIFT

The model is based on lake systems such as those in northern

Tanzania, Kenya, and Ethiopia
M.P. HOCHSTEIN & P.R.L. BROWNE (2000)
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A HEAT-SWEEP SYSTEM (FREE CONVECTION)

M.P. HOCHSTEIN & P.R.L. BROWNE (2000)

Hot fluids is discharging through a deep reaching fracture zone
(Fracture Zone System)
The heat source gives a higher than normal terrestrial heat flows
This setting can occur far away from active margins and volcanism.
The model is based on the Fuzhou system in South China
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A TECTONIC GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM HOSTED IN AN
EXTENSIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Fault density and displacement vary tremendously from site to site

Fumaroles are absent in lower temperature (in C) system
F. GOFF & C.J. JANIK (2000)