Chapter 9:

Deflections Using Energy Methods

CIVL3310 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Professor CC Chang
Work and Energy Principles
Work done by external forces

F
F
F F
W F F d F
0
F F

1
W F F W F F
2

F F
Work and Energy Principles
1
Where does the work go? W F F
2
Saved in the beam in terms of
Strain energy Member
force
fi
i-th component

di
fi Member
deformation
F
1
F U i fi d i
2
Work - Energy

WU 1
Total strain energy U fi d i
1 1 2
F F fi d i
2 2
Virtual Work Principle
Under equilibrium, perturb the
structure fi d
i fi di
Work - Energy

WU
1 1
F F fi d i
2 2
F F
F
W F F F
F
Perturb F by F
F F W U
F F fi d i
W F F Perturb F by F
1
W F F
2
F F fi d i
F
Virtual Work Principle

F F
F
F
W U
(Complementary) virtual work principle
Perturb F by dF
F F fi d i
Virtual work principle
Perturb F by F
F F fi d i
Virtual Work Principle
(Complementary) virtual work principle
Perturb F by F f i
fi di

F
F
F
W U
F F fi d i
The complementary virtual work done by an external virtualforce
external virtual force system
system
under the actual
actualdeformation
deformationofof a structure
a structure is equal
is equal to to
the complementary strain energy done by the virtual
virtualstresses
stresses
under the actual
actualstrains
strains
Virtual Work Principle
F F fi d i fi
fi d i

Superposition F
F
Actual system F Virtual system
Virtual Work Principle
Looking for F f i Li
1 F fi
Ei Ai

F F fi d i
W U
1
Actual system Virtual system
f iL i
fi di EiAi fi

F F
F
1
Virtual Work Principle
W U

fi
F
fi F 1

f i Li
1 F fi
Ei Ai
Virtual Work Principle
Temperature effect W U

fi
T

F 1
F
d i T Li

1 F fi d i
Virtual Work Principle
Misfit effect W U

fi
L

F 1
F

1 F fi d i
Virtual Work Principle
For Beams M=0, 0, =0
F
M(x)
M(x)
M 0, 0, 0
FF

x
1 d Perturbation
U M(x) d
2 U M(x) d
Integrate for the whole beam
M(x)
d dx
EI M(x)
L L M
1L 1 L M2 U M d M dx
U M(x) d dx EI
20 2 0 EI 0 0
L M
W U F F M dx
0 EI
Virtual Work Principle
W U
w
F P
A
A
M(x) F M(x)

Moment due to
Deformation due to
actual loads
actual loads

M L
F F M dx
0 EI
Virtual force corresponds
Virtual moment induced by
to actual deformation
The virtual force
L M
M A A M dx
0 EI
Virtual Work Principle
For Frames w

W U P
F

fL M
F F f M dx
component EI component EI

Negligible
Castiglianos Principle
Work-Energy W Fi U Fi
fi
fi d i W Fi dFi U Fi dFi
W U
W Fi dFi U Fi dFi
Fi F Fi F
i i

W U

Fi Fi F Fi F
i i
Fi
dFi W Fi U
Fi
Fi
k Fi
Fi Fi F
i
1 1
W Fi Fi U fi d i
k
2 n 2 fi Fi
1 F F f fL
i i i i i
Fi 2 k n 2 EA
Castiglianos Principle
For Trusses
U f j2 L j f j f jL j
Fi U Fi
Fi F 2E jA j Fi E jA j
i

For Beams
U M2 M M
Fi U dx Fi dx
Fi F 2EI Fi EI
i

For Frames

f j f jL j M M
Fi dx
Fi E jA j Fi EI
Bettis Law of Reciprocal Deflections
L M
W U F F M dx
0 EI
Location 1 Location 2 Virtual work principle
P Q

MP
Q P2 M Q dx
P2 EI

P Q

MQ
P Q1 M P dx
Q1 EI

P Q1 Q P2
If P Q then P2 Q1 Bettis Law
Bettis Law of Reciprocal Deflections
P

A B
Bettis Law of Reciprocal Deflections
P

M PM M
P B dx M A
EI

P B M A

If P M (in magnitude) then B A (in magnitude)

Bettis Law and Flexibility Coefficients
Location j Location i
1

ji f ji Flexibility coefficient

1 Deflection at j due to a unit load at i

ij f ij

Deflection at i due to a unit load at j

f ij f ji
9. Deflections Using Energy Methods
Work-energy principle
Virtual work principle
Castiglianos principle
Bettis law