Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
and
Zvika Eitan
Outline
PON benefits
PON architecture
Fiber optic basics
PON physical layer
PON user plane
PON control plane
PON benefits
Why fiber ?
todays high datarate networks are all based on optical fiber
the reason is simple (examples for demonstration sake)
twisted copper pair(s)
8 Mbps @ 3 km, 1.5 Mbps @ 5.5 km (ADSL)
1 Gb @ 100 meters (802.3ab)
microwave
70 Mbps @ 30 km (WiMax)
coax
10 Mbps @ 3.6 km (10BROAD36)
30 Mbps @ 30 km (cable modem)
optical fiber
10 Mbps @ 2 km (10BASE-FL)
100 Mbps @ 400m (100BASE-FX)
1 Gbps @ 2km (1000BASE-LX)
10 Gbps @ 40 (80) km (10GBASE-E(Z)R)
40 Gbps @ 700 km [Nortel] or 3000 km [Verizon]
Aside why is fiber better ?
attenuation per unit length
reasons for energy loss
copper: resistance, skin effect, radiation, coupling
fiber: internal scattering, imperfect total internal reflection
so fiber beats coax by about 2 orders of magnitude
e.g. 10 dB/km for thin coax at 50MHz, 0.15 dB/km =1550nm fiber
core networks
use fiber optics
get high datarate over long distances access core
small number of active network elements
N end users
core feeder fiber
copper
access network
Fiber To The Premises
we can implement point-to-multipoint topology purely in optics
but we need a fiber (pair) to each end user
N end users
core
access network
An obvious solution
deploy intermediate switches
(active) switch located at curb or in basement
saves space at central office
need 2 N + 2 optical transceivers
N end users
core feeder fiber
fiber
access network
The PON solution
another alternative - implement point-to-multipoint topology purely in optics
avoid costly optic-electronic conversions
use passive splitters no power needed, unlimited MTBF
only N+1 optical transceivers (minimum possible) !
access network
N end users
core
typically N=32
max defined 128
feeder fiber
downstream
upstream
NNI
Optical Distribution Network
core Optical Network Units
splitter
Optical Line Terminal UNI
downstream transmission
OLT broadcasts data downstream to all ONUs in ODN
ONU captures data destined for its address, discards all other data
encryption needed to ensure privacy
upstream transmission
ONUs share bandwidth using Time Division Multiple Access
OLT manages the ONU timeslots
ranging is performed to determine ONU-OLT propagation time
additional functionality
Physical Layer OAM
Autodiscovery
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation
Why a new protocol ?
downstream
PON has a unique architecture
upstream
(broadcast) point-to-multipoint in DS direction
ATM - point-to-point
2003 : WG ballot
Popular Fiber
Sizes
Multimode Graded-
Index Fiber
Single-mode
Fiber
Optical Loss versus Wavelength
Total
Dispersion
Multimode Chromatic
Dispersion Dispersio
n
Material
Dispersio
n
Multimode Dispersion
1 0 1 1 1 11
1 0 11 1 0 1
Single-Mode Dispersion
1 0 11 1 0 1
How to calculate
For bandwidth?
a 1.25 Gb/s we need a BW of 0.7 BitRate =
1.143ns
Tc = Dmat * *L
LASER/laser diode: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Done of the wide range of
devices that generates light by that principle. Laser light is directional, covers a narrow range of
wavelengths, and is more coherent than ordinary light. Semiconductor diode lasers are the standard light
sources in fiber optic systems. Lasers emit light by stimulated emission .
Laser Optical Power Output vs. Forward Current
Laser
Light Detectors
Hysteresis
Superimposed interference
LB = PS - PO
LB = Link Budget
PS = Sensitivity
PO = Output Power
Assume:
Optical loss = 0.35 db/km
Connector Loss = 2dB Range Budget: ~11Km
Splitter Insertion Loss 1X32 = 17dB
Relationship between transmission distance
and number of splits
GbE Fiber Optic Characteristics
PON physical layer
allocations - G.983.1
Upstream and downstream directions need about the same bandwidth
US serves N customers, so it needs N times the BW of each customer
but each customer can only transmit 1/N of the time
In APON and early BPON work it was decided that 100 nm was needed
US DS
1200 nm 1300 nm 1400 nm 1500 nm 1600 nm
allocations - G.983.3
Afterwards it became clear that there was a need for additional DS bands
Pressing needs were broadcast video and data
Where could these new DS bands be placed ?
The number of ONUs supported depends not only on the number of splits
but also on the addressing scheme
EPON allows 16-256 splits (originally designed for link budget of 24 dB, but now 30 dB)
and has 10 km and 20 km Physical Media Dependent sublayers
Line codes
BPON and GPON use a simple NRZ linecode (high is 1 and low is 0)
An I.432-style scrambling operation is applied to payload (not to PON overhead)
Preferable to conventional scrambler because no error propagation
each standard and each direction use different LFSRs
LFSR initialized with all ones
LFSR sequence is XOR'ed with data before transmission
to every 239 data bytes add 16 parity bytes to make 255 byte FEC block
Near-far problem
OLT needs to know signal strength to set decision threshold
If large distance between near/far ONUs, then very different attenuations
If radically different received signal strength can't use a single threshold
EPON: measure received power of ONU at beginning of burst
GPON: OLT feedback to ONUs to properly set transmit power
grant grant
inter-ONU
guard
data data
lock
lock
laser laser laser laser
turn-on turn-off turn-on turn-off
Notes:
GPON - ONU reports turn-on and turn-off times to OLT
ONU preamble length set by OLT
EPON - long lock time as need to Automatic Gain Control and Clock/Data Recovery
long inter-ONU guard due to AGC-reset
Ethernet preamble is part of data
PON User plane
How does it work?
ONU stores client data in large buffers (ingress queues)
ONU sends a high-speed burst upon receiving a grant/allocation
Ranging must be performed for ONU to transmit at the right time
DBA - OLT allocates BW according to ONU queue levels
OLT identifies ONU traffic by label
OLT extracts traffic units and passes to network
OLT receives traffic from network and encapsulates into PON frames
OLT prefixes with ONU label and broadcasts
ONU receives all packets and filters according to label
ONU extracts traffic units and passes to client
Labels
In an ODN there is 1 OLT, but many ONUs
ONUs must somehow be labeled for
OLT to identify the destination ONU
ONU to identify itself as the source
EPON assigns a single label Logical Link ID to each ONU (15b)
GPON has several levels of labels
ONU_ID (1B) (1B)
Transmission-CONTainer (AKA Alloc_ID) (12b) (can be >1 T-CONT per ONU)
For ATM mode
VPI VC
VCI VC
VC
ONU T-CONT VP VC
For GEM mode PON VP
Port_ID (12b) (12b)
ONU T-CONT Port
Port
DS GPON format
GPON Transmission Convergence frames are always 125 sec long
19440 bytes / frame for 1244.16 rate
38880 bytes / frame for 2488.32 rate
Each GTC frame consists of Physical Control Block downstream + payload
PCBd contains sync, OAM, DBA info, etc.
payload may have ATM and GEM partitions (either one or both)
PSync (4B) Ident (4B) PLOAMd (13B) BIP (1B) ATM GEM
partition partition
PLend (4B) PLend (4B) US BW map (N*8B)
GPON payloads
GTC payload potentially has 2 sections:
ATM partition (Alen * 53 bytes in length)
GEM partition (now preferred method)
PCBd ATM cell ATM cell ATM cell GEM frame GEM frame GEM frame
ATM partition
Alen (12 bits) is specified in the PCBd
Alen specifies the number of 53B cells in the ATM partition
if Alen=0 then no ATM partition
if Alen=payload length / 53 then no GEM partition
ATM cells are aligned to GTC frame
ONUs accept ATM cells based on VPI in ATM header
GEM partition
Unlike ATM cells, GEM delineated frames may have any length
Any number of GEM frames may be contained in the GEM partition
ONUs accept GEM frames based on 12b Port-ID in GEM header
GPON Encapsulation Mode
A common complaint against BPON was inefficiency due to ATM cell tax
GEM is similar to ATM
constant-size HEC-protected header
but avoids large overhead by allowing variable length frames
GEM is generic any packet type (and even TDM) supported
GEM supports fragmentation and reassembly
GEM is based on GFP, and the header contains the following fields:
Payload Length Indicator - payload length in Bytes
Port ID - identifies the target ONU
Payload Type Indicator (GEM OAM, congestion/fragmentation indication)
Header Error Correction field (BCH(39,12,2) code+ 1b even parity)
The GEM header is XOR'ed with B6AB31E055 before transmission
BWmap Alloc-ID SStart SStop Alloc-ID SStart Sstop Alloc-ID SStart SStop
US frame
Ethertype = 8808
Opcodes (2B) - presently defined:
GATE/REPORT/REGISTER_REQ/REGISTER/REGISTER_ACK
Timestamp is 32b, 16 ns resolution
conveys the sender's time at time of MPCPDU transmission
Data field is needed for some messages
Security
DS traffic is broadcast to all ONUs, so encryption is essential
easy for a malicious user to reprogram ONU to capture desired frames
US traffic not seen by other ONUs, so encryption is not needed
do not take fiber-tappers into account
RT EF BE
GPON
QoS - GPON
GPON treats QoS explicitly
constant length frames facilitate QoS for time-sensitive applications
5 types of Transmission CONTainers
type 1 - fixed BW
type 2 - assured BW
type 3 - allocated BW + non-assured BW
type 4 - best effort
type 5 - superset of all of the above
To eliminate overlap
guard times left between timeslots
each ONU transmits with the proper delay to avoid overlap
delay computed during a ranging process
Ranging background
In order for the ONU to transmit at the correct time
the delay between ONU transmission and OLT reception
needs to be known (explicitly or implicitly)
Need to assign an equalization-delay
OLT sends MPCPDU ONU receives MPCPDU ONU sends MPCPDU OLT receives MPCPDU
Timestamp = T0 Sets clock to T0 Timestamp = T1 RTT = T2 - T1
time
OLT time T0 T2
ONU time T0 T1
RTT = (T2-T0) - (T1-T0) = T2-T1
OLT compensates all grants by RTT before sending
Either ONU or OLT can detect that timestamp drift exceeds threshold
Autodiscovery
OLT needs to know with which ONUs it is communicating
This can be established via NMS
but even then need to setup physical layer parameters
assigns LLID
bonds MAC to LLID
performs ranging computation
OLT sends REGISTER to ONU
OLT sends standard GATE to ONU
ONU responds with REGISTER_ACK
ONU goes into operational mode - waits for grants
Failure recovery
PONs must be able to handle various failure states
GPON
if ONU detects LOS or LOF it goes into POPUP state
it stops sending traffic US
OLT detects LOS for ONU
if there is a pre-ranged backup fiber then switch-over
EPON
during normal operation ONU REPORTs reset OLT's watchdog timer
similarly, OLT must send GATES periodically (even if empty ones)
if OLT's watchdog timer for ONU times out
ONU is deregistered
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation
MANs and WANs have relatively stationary BW requirements
due to aggregation of large number of sources
But each ONU in a PON may serve only 1 or a small number of users
So BW required is highly variable
It would be inefficient to statically assign the same BW to each ONU
So PONs assign dynamically BW according to need
The need can be discovered
by passively observing the traffic from the ONU
by ONU sending reports as to state of its ingress queues
The goals of a Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation algorithm are
maximum fiber BW utilization
fairness and respect of priority
minimum delay introduced
GPON DBA
DBA is at the T-CONT level, not port or VC/VP
GPON can use traffic monitoring (passive) or status reporting (active)
There are three different status reporting methods
status in PLOu - one bit for each T-CONT type
piggy-back reports in DBRu - 3 different formats:
quantity of data waiting in buffers,
separation of data with peak and sustained rate tokens
nonlinear coding of data according to T-CONT type and tokens
ONU report in DBA payload - select T-CONT states
OLT may use any DBA algorithm
OLT sends allocations in US BW map
EPON DBA
OLT sends GATE messages to ONUs
GATE message
DA SA 8808 Opcode=0002 timestamp Ngrants/flags grants
flags include DISCOVERY and Force_Report
Force_Report tells the ONU to issue a report
REPORT message
DA SA 8808 Opcode=0003 timestamp Nqueue_sets Reports
OLT may use any algorithm to decide how to send the following grants