Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Loop antenna
Horn Antennas
Helical Antennas
The Log-Periodic Antenna
Micro strip Antennas
Slot Antennas
Loop Antenna
The loop antenna is a radiating coil of any
cross-section of one or more turns carrying
radio frequency current.
It may be of any shape rectangular,
square, circular, triangular, hexagonal etc.
on either air or ferrite core.
A loop of more than one turn is called as
frame.
The Loop Antenna. General Case
Electric field:
[ I ]a
E J1 ( a sin )
2r
60a[ I ]
or E J1 ( a sin )
r
Magnetic field:
a[ I ]
H J1 ( a sin )
2r
Far-field patterns of circular loop
antennas with uniform current
Kraus: Fig.
7-6
Kraus: Fig. 7-7. Far-field patterns of loop antennas
Small loop as a special case:
x
J1 ( x)
2
If perimeter of loop is /3 or less (C < 1/3), far fields are
using = 2/ and A = a2
Radiation resistance
For small loop (C 1/3) of single-turn
2
A
Rr 31,171 2 197C4
2
A
or Rr 31,200 2
3 2 3
For small loop (C 1/3), D sin
2 2
2L L
2
2
a
or L 2 L L
2 2 2
4
As is small ( << L), 2 can be neglected. Solving,
a2
2 L
4
a2
L
8
Optimum horn dimensions:
L
Optimum , 0 L
cos( / 2)
0 cos( / 2)
Optimum length, L
1 cos( / 2)
The Rectangular Horn antenna
4Ae 4 ap Ap
We have, D 2
2
Taking , ap = 0.6,
7.5 Ap 7.5 Ap
D or D 10 log dBi
2
2
7.5aE aH 7.5aE aH
D 10 log 10 log
2 .
or D 10 log 7.5aE aH dBi
where,
aE = E-plane aperture in
aH = H-plane aperture in
56 56
HPBW (E plane)
aE aE
67 67
HPBW (H plane)
aH aH
Fig. Horn antenna radiation pattern
Applications of horn antenna
D = diameter of helix
C = circumference of helix = D
S = spacing between turns
L = Length of 1 turn
n or N = number of turns
Kraus: Fig. 8-
A = axial length = nS
8
d = diameter of helix conductor
= pitch angle
L S 2 C 2 S 2 (D) 2
Kraus: Fig. 8-9. Relation between
C, S & L
Also, pitch angle can be found as follows.
S S
tan
C D
S S
or tan 1
arctan
D D
The Helix Modes
1. Transmission (T) mode: For an infinite helix.
Modes T0, T1, T2, T3 etc.
1
where 360 S (1 cos )
2n
115
BWFN
C nS
(2n 1)
Axial Ratio AR
2n
R1 R2 R3 Rn l1 l2 l3 ln
..... .....
R2 R3 R4 Rn 1 l2 l3 l4 ln 1
Rn ln
So
Rn 1 ln 1
,
Alternative
ly, ln 1 sn 1 1
k k: Scale factor. k
ln sn
>1
Analysis and working
tan
ln 1 ln / 2 ln 1 ln
s 2s
ln 1
As k
ln
,
ln 1 Kraus: Fig. 11-
so ln 18
k
,
Using
this,
tan
ln 1 ln 1 / k
tan
1 1 / k ln 1
o
2s 2s
r
Taking ln+1 = /2, when active, we have
tan
1 1 / k ( / 2) 1 1 / k
2s 4s
1 1 / k 1 1 / k 1
or tan
4s / 4 s 4 s
,
: apex angle
k: scale factor
s: spacing in wavelengths shortward of /2 element
s 1
Also, spacing so tan
4
factor ,
1 1
Hence, we tan 1
an
4 4 tan
have d
Applications of Log-Periodic antenna
/2 < L < 1
L/w < 3
Complementary of slot
antenna
Kraus: Fig. 7-
27
Radiation pattern of slot antenna
Kraus: Fig. 7-
29
Microstrip Antennas
They are also called printed
antennas or microstrip patch
antennas
They are used wherever size, weight,
cost, performance are constraints.
They are popular for low profile
applications at frequencies above
100 MHz.
Linear & circular polarizations can be
achieved.
Structure of microstrip
antenna
It consists of a metal patch on a dielectric
substrate with ground plane on the other side.
Radiation
pattern
(for linearly
polarized MSA)