Chapter17 v3

17 Glass & Glazing
History of Glass
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
History of Glass
Early Glass Production Blowpipe on other side of punty

removed leaving a hole
Largest known piece of glass
in a public bath at Pompeii Face Shield Hand Shield
By 10th century A.D. the
Venetian Island of Murano
had become major center
for glassmaking
Crown glass and cylinder
glass were produced Punty
Crown glass process
Disk or crown shaped glass
Blowing large glass sphere
Iron rod called punty used
to hold glass
Reheating sphere resulting
in crown 30+ in diameter
Cooled and cut

History of Glass
Early Glass Production Swinging action resulting in cylinder

Blowing glass spheres
Cylinder glass process

Blowing large glass sphere
Swinging action resulted in
cylinder
Hemispherical ends were
cut
Cylinder slit lengthwise
and reheated to flatten
into rectangular sheet
Cut into panes
Crown glass favored over
cylinder glass because of
surface quality
Cylinder glass was more Hemispherical ends are cut
economical

History of Glass
From Crown to
Float Glass
Lack of optical quality of crown
and cylinder glass gave way to Float Glass Production Process
introduction of plate glass in 17th
century France
Molten glass was cast into frames
Spread into sheets
Cooled and ground flat
Polished and cut
Cylinder process evovled in 19th
Century
In 20th century drawn glass was
produced
In 1959 Pilkington started
producing float glass which is the
basis of all modern day glass

History of Glass
Float Glass Ribbon Emerging
from Annealing Lehr
Float Glass Finishing and
Cutting
Glass is floated on molten tin and
hardens on it producing parallel
surfaces, high optical quality and
brilliant surface finish
Automatic cutting can produce
glass to desired sizes
Annealing Lehr gradually cools
the glass to avoid locked-in
Track-mounted Cutting
stresses
Glazing is the installation of glass
or the transparent material in a
glazed opening
Installer of glass is called glazier
Individual pieces are called lights
or lites

17 Glass & Glazing
The Material Glass

The Material Glass
Advanced Glazing
Systems
Glass is the most-used cladding
material for tall buildings due to its
strength, light weight, durability, and
wide range of available optical and
thermal properties

The Material Glass
Advanced Glazing
Systems
Glass has seemingly unlimited
optical and aesthetic possibilities

The Material Glass
Tempered Glass is Used in Store Front
For Strength and Breakage Safety
Glass Ingredients and
Thicknesses
Glass is made from
Sand (silicone dioxide)
Soda ash (sodium hydroxide or
sodium carbonate)
Lime (calcium)
Alumina
Potassium oxide
Glass is supercooled liquid and in
sheet form strength is impacted by
imperfections in glass
Thicknesses range from
approximately 3/32 inch (single
strength) to 1/8 inch (double
strength) to 1 inch.
Heat treatments such as tempering
impact glass strength and uses

The Material Glass
Laminated Glass Used in Sloped
Glazing Provides Safety Against Falling
Glass Types by Heat Shards
Treatment and Strength
Annealed glass
Regular float glass which is cooled slowly
to reduce in built stress
Tempered glass
Produced by cutting annealed glass to
required size, reheating and then cooling
rapidly. Higher strength and breaks into
small shards
Heat-strengthened glass
Between annealed and tempered with
breakage behavior like annealed
Laminated glass
Sandwich of multiple layers of glass with
PVB interlayer. Suitable for security
applications as glass stays in place
Fire-rated glass

The Material Glass
Glass Types by Fritted Glass Used

to Create Patterns
Architectural Treatments
Patterned glass
Hot glass can be rolled into sheets with
many different surface textures and
patterns to obscure vision for privacy
Fritted glass
Pigmented glass particles called frits are
used to imprint glass. Glass is dried and
fired in tempering furnace to make it
permanent
Spandrel glass
Used to cover bands of floor/wall
around the floor edges. Usually
tempered or heat strengthened with
insulation behind them
Darker Colored
Spandrel Glass

The Material Glass
Building With Reflective Coated Glass

Glass For Controlling
Solar Radiation
Tinted Glass
Made by adding small amounts of
selected chemical elements to the
molten glass mixture
Reflective Glass or Solar Control Glass
Thin Durable films of metal or metal
oxide are deposited on the surface of
either tinted glass or clear glass to make
the glass reflective. The film turns away
significant portion of solar radiation

The Material Glass
Impact of Glass Type on

Control of Visible Light Effect of Three Different Glazing Assemblies on
and Solar Radiation Incoming Sunlight Outside is on Left
Transmitted Radiation
Reflected Radiation
Absorbed Radiation
Re-radiation

The Material Glass
Glass and Thermal

Considerations
Two Methods of Sealing
IGU Insulating Glass Unit Edge of Double Glazing
Made of multiple glass with sealed air space
reducing conductance, single glazing is single
glass, double glazing is two sheets and triple
glazing is three sheets of glass
Space filled by air or inert gas in a
hermetically sealed cavity
Different spacers used including warm-edge
spacer
Performance given in terms of U values
Low Emissivity coated glass (Low-e)
Formed with transparent metallic coating to
improve thermal performance
Located on surface 2 and sometimes on
surface 3.
Improves thermal performance

The Material Glass
Glass and Thermal

Considerations Glass Properties Impacting Thermal
Visible Light Transmittance - VT Visual Performance
1 2
Ratio of visible light passing to the Glazing Type VT SHGC LSG U R
amount striking the glass Single glazing, clear 0.90 0.85 1.3 1.1
6.3
0.91
0.16
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient - SHGC Double glazing, clear 0.79 0.70 1.1 0.47 2.1
2.7 0.37
Ratio of heat admitted to the amount Double glazing, 0.40 0.45 0.9 0.47 2.1
striking the glass medium gray tinted 2.7 0.37
Triple glazing, clear 0.53 0.52 1.0 0.34 2.9
Light Solar Gain Ratio LSG 1.9 0.52
Ratio of VT to SHGC Double glazing, clear,

low-e (low SHGC)
0.64 0.27 2.4 0.28
1.6
3.6
0.63
Double glazing, clear, 0.78 0.63 1.2 0.27 3.7
low-e (high SHGC), argon filled 1.5 0.65
1 2 o 2 o
U-Factor: Btu/ft -hr- F followed byW/m - K
2 2 o 2 o
R-Value: ft -hr- F/Btu followed by m - KW

The Material Glass
Glass and Thermal

Considerations
The label on this fabricator's
glass sample indicates that this
IGU consists of
a "-thick low-e, annealed lite
(with the trade name
Solarban 60)
a " spacer and
a " clear annealed light.
VLT of 0.70
SC of 0.44
SHGC of 0.38
U-Value of 0.29

17 Glass & Glazing
Glazing

Glazing
Alternative Methods of Single Glazing

Small Lights Outdoor Side on Left
Glazing Small Lights
Not subject to excessive wind force or
stresses due to thermal expansion
Glass first held in place by Glaziers
points and then sealed on outside with
putty followed by painting
Factory glazed units employ improved
putties or glazing compounds which stay
elastic for longer period of time

Glazing
Glaziers Install Lights of Glass that

Weigh as Much as 125 pounds (57 kg)
Glazing Large Lights
Large lights, those over 6 ft2 (0.6 m2)
require more care in glazing due to
stresses
Design objectives are
Support weight of glass without
abnormal stress patterns
Support glass against wind pressure and
suction
Allow for expansion and contraction of
glass and frame without damage
Avoid contact of glass with any hard
material such as frame

Glazing
Alternative Methods of Single Glazing

Large Lights Outdoor Side on Left
Setting blocks are of synthetic
rubber and support weight of glass
Bite or depth of grip on the edge
of glass of certain amount is
required to resist wind load
Glazing components used
between frame and glass are either
wet or dry such as
Preformed solid tape sealant
made of polybutene
Wedge or roll in gasket
Lock strip gasket
In good design reliance for
waterproofing relies on wet and
dry seals in conjunction with
pressure equalization and drainage

Glazing
Lockstrip Gasket Installation in

Progress and Completed
Lockstrip gasket is a dry glazing method
It is faster, easier and less dependent on
workmanship then wet glazing method
Wet glazing with good workmanship is
more effective

Glazing
Advanced Glazing
Mullionless Butt-Joint Glazing With
Systems Single Glazing
Butt-joint glazing system
Head and sill of the
glass sheets are
supported
conventionally in metal
frames, but vertical
mullions are eliminated
The vertical joints
between sheets of glass
are made by injection of
colorless silicone sealant
There is a strong effect
of unbroken horizontal
band of glass around the
building

Glazing
Advanced Glazing
Systems
Mullionless
Butt-Joint
System Seen
from the
Outside

Glazing
Advanced Glazing
Systems
Horizontal strip windows that need to
appear mullionless only from the outside
can use a mullion on the inside
Sill and head are conventionally glazed

Glazing
Advanced Glazing Glass Mounted With Four-Side

Systems Structural Silicone Glazing
Structural silicone flush
glazing
The metal mullions lie
entirely inside the glass
with glass adhered to the
mullion by silicone
sealant
Outside skin is
completely flush
Systems with critical
silicone work done in
factory are also possible

Glazing
Advanced Glazing
Systems
Steps in assembly of a mullion for a four-side
structural silicone exterior flush glazing system

Glazing
Advanced Glazing
Systems
Structural Spacer Glazing is a proprietary
system
The glass is fastened to the mullion with an
aluminum pressure plate.
The face is then sealed
Desiccant is integrated into the system

Glazing
Advanced Glazing Glass Suspended from Above With

Systems Vertical Glass Stiffeners
Suspended Glazing Systems and
Glass Mullion System
Used primarily for high walls of
glass around building lobbies
Tempered glass sheets are
suspended from above and
stabilized by tempered glass
perpendicular stiffeners
Metal fittings are used to join
multiple sheets of glass
Stainless steel cables and fittings
are used in roof applications

Glazing
Advanced Glazing
Systems
Four point spider fitting
Adjustable vertical stainless steel rod carries
the load to the structure above

Glazing
Advanced Glazing
Systems
A suspended glazing
system with "saddle"
(anticlastic) curvature
keeps the entire wall
system in tension.

Glazing
Advanced Glazing
Systems
The spider fittings and cable
system must resist wind,
seismic, and dead loads
without inducing bending
forces in the glass or creating
stress concentrations around
the points of attachment

Glazing
Advanced Glazing
Systems
The glass wall obtains additional
stiffness where the cable system is
tied to adjacent columns.

Glazing
Advanced Glazing
Systems
Insulating laminated glass
units serve as roof
Laminated glass fins
serve as beams
Vertical rods take the
load from the fins
Vertical rods transfer
load to cables which in
turn transfers it to steel
trusses

Glazing
Advanced Glazing
Systems
Vertical rods take the
load from the fins
Vertical rods transfer
load to cables which in
turn transfers it to the
steel trusses
Upward arching cables
provide wind uplift
resistance

Glazing
Leaded Stained Glass

17 Glass and Glazing
MasterFormat Sections For

Glass
CSI/CSC MASTERFORMAT SECTIONS FOR GLASS
08 80 00 GLAZING
08 81 00 Glass Glazing
08 83 00 Mirrors
08 84 00 Plastic Glazing
08 85 00 Glazing Accessories
08 88 00 Special Function Glazing
Hurricane-Resistant Glazing
Cable-Suspended Glazing
Pressure-Resistant Glazing
Radiation-Resistant Glazing
Security Glazing
Ballistics-Resistant Glazing


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17 Glass & Glazing

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Early Glass Production Blowpipe on other side of punty

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Early Glass Production Swinging action resulting in cylinder

Cylinder glass process

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

The Material Glass

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Glass Types by Fritted Glass Used

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Building With Reflective Coated Glass

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Impact of Glass Type on

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Glass and Thermal

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Glass and Thermal

Ratio of VT to SHGC Double glazing, clear,

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Glass and Thermal

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Alternative Methods of Single Glazing

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Glaziers Install Lights of Glass that

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Alternative Methods of Single Glazing

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Lockstrip Gasket Installation in

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Advanced Glazing Glass Mounted With Four-Side

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Advanced Glazing Glass Suspended from Above With

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

Leaded Stained Glass

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

MasterFormat Sections For

Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition

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