Abnormal Behavior in Historical

Context
 How do we define disorder?
Important ramifications




Past and present diagnoses have been
very controversial



 No Single Definition of Psychological
Abnormality or Normality

Many Myths Are Associated With Mental

Illness*




Approaches to Defining Abnormal Behavior
(Wakefield)
Disorder as a pure value concept

Disorder as whatever professionals treat

Disorder as statistical deviance

 Disorder as a Biological Disadvantage
-

Disorder as distress or suffering

Wakefield argues for disorder as

Harmful Dysfunction:
Toward a Definition of Abnormal Behavior
Psychological Dysfunction

Personal Distress or Disability

(__________________)


Atypical or Unexpected Cultural
Response
 Widiger
Argues that two constructs are
fundamental to definition of a mental
disorder:

 The Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual (DSM-5)
Widely Accepted System

DSM Contains Diagnostic Criteria for

Behaviors That




 Clinical Description of Abnormality
Begins with

Clinical Description


Keep in mind things like:
Prevalence (_______________________________) and
Incidence (________________________________)

Course

Onset

Prognosis
 Causation, Treatment, and Outcome in
Psychopathology
Etiology

Treatment Development

Treatment Outcome Research

The Past: Historical Conceptions of Abnormal
Behavior
Major Psychological Disorders Have Existed:


Causes and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Varied
Widely:

Three Dominant Traditions Include:

 The Past: The Supernatural Tradition
Deviant Behavior as a Battle of Good vs.
Evil

Other Worldly Causes of Deviant Behavior


 The Past: The Biological Tradition
People have long looked for

Hippocrates (father of modern medicine):

Galen Extends Hippocrates Work

 Biological tradition - continued
Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition

The Past: The Biological Tradition Comes of Age
Interest in biological factors of mental illness
fluctuated over the centuries until the 19th century.
Syphilis

The Past: Consequences of the Biological
Tradition
Mental Illness =
Result:
The 1930s


The 1950s

The 1970s

 The Past: the Psychological Tradition
Plato and Aristotle both thought that the _____ and
________________ and ___________ experiences
impacted psychopathology.

The Rise of Moral Therapy

Key Figures

 Reasons for the Falling Out of Moral Therapy

Psychological tradition reemerges in 1900s in three

different forms:



The Past: The Psychoanalytic Tradition
 Freud and Breuer
Breuer

2 important discoveries:
Unconscious mind

Catharsis
 The Past: The Psychoanalytic Tradition
Freudian Theory Overview and Development

Id (_______________); demands immediate gratification.

Ego (_______________); must balance needs of the id
with rules of society.

 Superego (conscience)

Ego must mediate between the ___ and _________.

Freud felt that

 Defense Mechanisms

Defense Mechanisms
Affiliation

Humor

Sublimation

Displacement

Intellectualization

Reaction formation

Repression

Projection
 Psychosexual stages of development

Freud posited 5 basic stages

Inadequate or inappropriate gratification in any stage would

lead to a

1. Oral Stage

2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic Stage

- Major conflicts:
-

4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage
 Psychoanalysis in Therapy

Unearth the hidden intrapsychic conflicts

through ________ and ________
Psychoanalysis:

Goals:

Techniques

Psychodynamic theory
1. Focus on

2. Explore

3. Identify

4. Emphasis on

5. Focus on

6. Emphasis on

7. Exploration of
Humanistic Theory and the Psychological Tradition

Notion that there was a positive, uplifting quality

of humanity. Humans as

Self-actualization

Major Players

Major Theme


 Carl Rogers

Client (or ___________)-centered therapy

Treatment

Maslow
The Behavioral Model and the Psychological Tradition
Classical Conditioning (_______; _______)

Pairing neutral stimuli and unconditioned
stimuli. Four aspects:





Watson (father of behaviorism):

 Operant Conditioning (Thorndike; Skinner)

Based on Thorndikes law of effect:

Skinner:
Reinforcement

Punishment

Shaping
 From Behaviorism to Behavior Therapy
Reactionary Movement

Early Pioneers
Wolpe
Beck
Bandura

Behavior Therapy