.

Wireless Local Loop Training

for
E.S.’s PTCL
Compiled By
Mian Khalid Jamil (Instructor)
Telecom Staff College
HARIPUR
 What is Local Loop
• The portion of the network connecting the
customer to the Telephone Exchange.
• Presently PTCL has a network consisting of
Copper cables, that consists of:
– Primary Cable- Exchange to Cabinet
– Secondary Cable- Cabinet to Distribution
point
– Drop wire- Distribution point to customer
premises
 Copper Wired Local Loop

DP Cabinet

PSTN
Copper Wire Central Office

Exchange
 What is Wireless Local
Loop?
• Alternative to traditional ‘wired’ phone
• The final connection between the existing telecom
infrastructure and a subscriber's home/business by
wireless technologies rather than cable
• Advantages compared to landline/wired network
– Cheaper: for cable – land rent, transmission cable
– Quicker: faster deployment as no physical cable needed
– Feature rich: cellular offers greater range of features viz.
SMS, high speed data, limited mobility, etc
 Wireless Local Loop

||
PSTN
WLL

Central Office

Exchange

BTS
 Advantages of WLL
1. Cost of installation and maintenance of WLL is lower
than cable network
2. Installation time is less in case of WLL
3. Selective installation: Installation for those who require
connection at a certain time
4. Quality of wireless technologies have improved to
nearly equal the contemporary wired options which do
face problems like longer distances in xDSL and lack of
infrastructure, so WLL offers tough competition
5. Cellular systems are too expensive with lesser signal
quality than fixed broadband wireless which uses
directional antennas
 PTCL WLL project
• PTCL got the License for Wireless Local
Loop from PTA.
• PTCL decided to install 0.28 Million new
WLL lines by the end of 2004. It has been
decided by the management to deploy 2.0
Million WLL lines by the end of year 2005.
• PTA has awarded the WLL licenses to
many other private Companies. So PTCL
does not as monopoly in this business.
 PTCL WLL project
• The technology selected by PTCL is CDMA
2000 1X at 450 MHz frequency band.
• PTCL WLL project consists of one Network
Management Center (NMC) at Islamabad, and
five MSCs (Mobile Switching Centers) with
BSCs (Base Station Controllers).
• 158 BTS (Base Transceiver Stations) will be
Installed in different parts of the Country.
 WLL Network in
Pakistan
• Islamabad: Centralized control
• Peshawar MSC
• Lahore MSC
• Quetta MSC
• Hyderabad MSC
• Multan MSC

– MSC: Mobile Switching Center

 Wireless Technologies used in
Pakistan
• AMPS Analog Mobile Phone System
(Initially used by Paktel)
• D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile
Phone System (Initially used
by InstaPhone)
• GSM Global System Mobile
Communication (Initially used by
U-Phone & Mobilink)
• CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
(Used by PTCL in WLL System)
 Development of Mobile
Communications
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation
190s (analog) 1990s (digital) current (digital)

GSM
UMTS
AMPS
WCDMA
CDMA
TACS IS95 CDMA
Analog to Digital Voice to Broadband
2000
NMT TDMA IS-
136 TD-
OTHERS SCDMA
PDC

3G provides:

 Complete integrated service solutions

 High bandwidth
 Unified air interface
 Best spectral efficiency and
a step towards PCS
 What is CDMA
• Its Stands for “Code Division Multiple Access”
PTCL used CDMA 2000 1X Technology at the
frequency rate of 450 MHz for Rural Areas and
1900 MHz for Urban Areas.
Main Features of CDMA.
1. Better Performance
2. Broader Coverage
3. Higher Capacity
4. Higher Data Capability
5. Better Security
 Frequency Spectrum
• Rural Areas
– 450 MHz band i.e.
• 452.5 - 457.475 MHz :Uplink
• 462.5 - 467.475 MHz :Downlink
– 1-3 RF carriers 1.25 MHz each

• Urban Areas
– 1900 MHz band i.e.
• 1890 -1895 MHz : Uplink
• 1970 - 1975 MHz: Downlink
– 1-4 RF carriers 1.25 MHz each
WLL CDMA Coverage
 Development of CDMA
CDMA2000 3X

CDMA2000 307.2kbps
 Heavier voice
service capacity ;
IS95A IS95A
9.6kbps 115.2kbps  Longer period of standby time
CDMA2000 1X EV
1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
1995
1998

2000
Higher spectrum efficiency and network
capacity 2003
Higher packet data rate and more
diversified services
Smooth transit to 3G
 CDMA2000---Data Services
2,000 Video Streaming

• . Still Imaging
Remote
Data rate in Kbps

384 Medical
High-quality
Audio Streaming videoconference Service
144 Sports, news and
weather report on
Text demand
128 Messaging Low-quality videoconference

Voice Mobile TV
64 Image
Electronic
newspaper Video Surveillance,
Voice
Mail JPEG Video Mail, Travel
32 Electronic book Singing room Still Photos E-commerce
Fax E-Mail
9.6
Telephone Data Mobile
(Voice) Radio
0
Weather, transportation, news, sports and securities
 CDMA TECHNOLOGY
Multiple Access
• The concept behind multiple access is to
permit a number of users to share a
common channel. The two traditional ways
of multiple access are Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 FDMA
• In frequency Division Multiple Access, the
frequency band is divided in slots. Each
user gets one frequency slot assigned.
Thus FDMA demands good filtering.
Frequency

1
Time
 TDMA
• In Time Division Multiple Access, Users
are allowed to use a predefined Time slot.
Thus TDMA demands Synchronization
among the Users.
Frequency

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 -----------

Time
 CDMA
• CDMA is different than FDMA and TDMA.
It does not allocate frequency or Time Slot
to the Use but both may be used by all the
users simultaneously. For this purpose it
uses a Technique called “Spread
Spectrum”. Each user is assigned a Code
which spreads the bandwidth of its signal.
At receive end same code can recover the
original signal.
 Spread Spectrum
• It is a technique of Transmission, Where
Transmitted Signal occupies a larger
Bandwidth as compared to Original Signal
Before transmission of a Data signal a
unique Code is used to spread the signal
and on received side same Code is
demodulated. In the following figure x(t) is
a Data signal, c(t) is a Code signal used to
spread the Data signal. The resultant
signal m(t) is transmitted on the line.
 Spread Spectrum

X(t) m(t)

Fig No. 1

c(t)
• X(t) Data Signal
• C(t) Spreading Signal
• M(t) Message Signal
 Spread Spectrum

-Tb Data Bit

-Tc Chip
 BPSK
• BPSK stands for Binary Phase Shift Keying. In
this type of modulation the binary signal is
varied between two phases, representing 1
and 0 in response to the incoming signal.
 QPSK
• QPSK stands for Quadrature phase shift
keying. It is a modulation technique to
send digital data over analog networks. In
this technique the carrier phase can have
one of four possible values of 0, 90, 180,
270 degrees on the equivalent of 90
degree rotation. There are even more
advanced concepts based upon 8 phases
(45 degree rotation) , 16 phase (22.5
degree rotation).
 QPSK Encoding
• QPSK has 4 possible states, so able to
encode two bits per symbol.

Phase Data
0 degree Binary 00
90 degree Binary 01
180 degree Binary 10
270 degree Binary 11
 Basic Structure of WLL
A1/A2
System
A- M
MSC BSC bis T
BTS

A-
Um

bis
F
W
PSTN BTS T

MSC - Mobile Switching Center

BSC - Base Station Controller
BTS - Base Transceiver Station
MT - Mobile Terminal
FWT - Fixed Wireless Terminal
 Interfaces
There are several Interfaces being used between
Subsystems of WLL. These are almost same as
being used in GSM or other Cellular Systems.
Following are some main Interfaces.
A Interfaces :
A1 Interfaces: These Interfaces are used
between MSC and BSC’s and bears Signaling
related to Call Control.
A2 Interfaces: These Interfaces are also
used between MSC and BSC’s and bears 64
Kbits/s PCM voice services.
 Interfaces
Abis Interfaces: These Interfaces bears
Signaling and Traffic between BSC and
BTS’s.
Um Interfaces: These are also called Air
Interfaces and are thoroughly specified to
achieve a full compatibility between User
Stations (MT/FWT) of various
manufacturers and network of different
operators.
 What is Up/Down Links
Up Link : It is a Radio link in the direction
from (MT/FWT) toward the BTS

Down Link : It is a Radio link in the

direction from BTS to (MT/FMT).
 Channels
• A channel is a path where some
information’s are transmitted. The type of
Channels are determined by the function
of the information transmitted over. The
types of Channels available in WLL and
Mobile Communication System are given
in the following Figure.
 Channels
Full Rate TCH/F
Traffic
Channels
Half Rate TCH/H
BCCH
Broadcast Down
Channels Link FCCH
Channels
SCH

CBCH
PCH
Down
Common Link
Signaling
Control
Channels Channels AGCH
UP RACH
Link

Dedicated Control Channels

 Cell Management
• Cell : It is a Geographical area of Radio
Coverage served by a Base Station. There
are two type of Cells being used by WLL
and other type of Cellular Systems.

CELL
 Cell Management
• - Omnidirectional Cell : This type of Cell is served
by Omnidirectional Antenna.
 Cell Management
- Sector Cell : This Type of Cell is Served by a
Sectoral Antenna covering an area of 120
degree.
 Cell Management
Cluster : A group of Cells using all of the
available frequencies.

B C

A
G A D

F E
 Area Management

PLMN
SA

LA

CA

MSC
MSC
 Area Management
• Cell Area (CA) : An area covered by an Antenna of BTS
is called a Cell Area.
• Location Area (LA) : A number of Cells can be grouped
together to form a Location Area. The BTS in a Location
Area are controlled by one or more BSC’s.
• Service Area (SA) : A number of Location Areas,
controlled by an MSC, can be grouped together to form a
Service Area.
• Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) : It is a
Geographical area in which Land Mobile Communication
Services are provided to the public by a particular PLMN
Operator.
 Roaming and Handoff
• Roaming : The operation of a Mobile
Station out side its Service Area (SA) is
called Roaming.

• Handoff : Switching a Call in progress

from one Cell Area to other Cell Area or
from one Service Area (SA) to other
Service Area is called Handoff or
Handover.
Sub Systems of Mobile Network
OMC VLR Other MSCs

MSC HLR AUC

A
Other EIR
EIR
Other MSCs Networks
BSC

Abis
Um
BTS MS
 Functions of Subsystems in a
Mobile Network.
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC) : It performs
the switching functions for all MT/FWT’s located
in the geographic area covered by its assigned
BSC’s. It has the following main functions :
- Call handling
- Management of radio link channels
during call.
 Functions of Subsystems in a
Mobile Network.
- Management of MSC and BSC signaling protocol.
- Handling of Location Registration.
- Control of Hand over.
- Exchange of signaling information’s with other
Systems.
- Call Charging.
 Functions of Subsystems in a
Mobile Network.
• Home Location Register ( HLR) : It
contains the identities of the registered
subscribers, named as IMSI
( International Mobile subscriber identity).
HLR contain the following information’s.
- Identity of Subscriber
- Directory number of Subscriber
- Service restriction (if any)
- Location information for call routing.
 Functions of Subsystems in a
Mobile Network.
• Visitor Location Register (VLR) : It contains the
parameters and location information’s of all visiting
Subscribers, in its Area, named as TMSI (Temporary
Mobile Subscriber Identity).
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR) : It contains the
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI).
Following information’s are available in EIR.
- List of Valid Mobile Station equipment identities.
- List of Mobiles under observation.
- List of mobiles for which service is barred.
 Functions of Subsystems in a
Mobile Network.
• Authentication Center (AUC) : It contains
Subscriber Authentication Keys and generates
security related parameters needed to authorize
service using these Keys.

• Base Station Controller ( BSC) :

BSC controls call setup and operation of BTS’s.

. Base Transceiver Station (BTS) :

BTS handles the actual radio transmission to
and from the MT/FWT.
 Functions of Subsystem in a
Mobile Network.
• Mobile Terminal (MT) : It is a subscriber
equipment used to establish a call within
a cell. It is similar to Mobile Set but works
in its prescribed cell area in WLL System.
• Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT) : It is a
subscriber equipment used to establish a
call at a fix location within cell area.
 Mobile Terminal
– Model similar to mobile phones
viz. Huawei ETS388
Fixed Wireless Terminal
ETS 2000
 OMC
• Operation and Maintenance System (OMC) :
In WLL System Operation Maintenance System is
named as NMC (Network Management Center). One
centralized NMC is located at Islamabad which controls
the all MSC’s of WLL Network.
Normally OMC performs the following functions.
- Alarm Management
- Fault Management
- Performance Management
- Configuration Management
- Security Management.
 Call Establishment
Sub-A
BTS BTS Sub-B

BSC MSC BSC

Call Request
Select Voice Channel
Voice Channel Acknowledgement
Request ID
Send ID
Call Request
Call Acknowledgement
Select Voice Channel
Voice Channel Acknowledgement
Request ID
Send ID
Ringing Order
Sub-Answer
Conversation
THANKS