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Releasing energy

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How is digested food used by the body?
The body needs a constant supply of energy which comes
from digested food.

Glucose, from digested carbohydrates, is an important

substance that contains stored chemical energy.

When glucose reacts with oxygen, a lot of energy is

released.

In the bodys cells, glucose and oxygen react to release

energy. Some of this is released as heat and the rest is
used by the cells.

What is the release of energy from glucose called?

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What is respiration?
Respiration is the process that the body uses to release
energy from digested food (glucose):

carbon
glucose + oxygen + water ( + energy)
dioxide

from the from the waste waste

digestive respiratory product product
system system (exhaled) (exhaled)

This type of respiration is called aerobic respiration because

energy is released in the presence of oxygen.

How do the glucose and oxygen needed for aerobic

respiration get to the all the bodys cells?

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Testing for the products of respiration

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How do cells get oxygen and glucose?

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The equation for aerobic respiration

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Respiration and combustion
Burning is the reaction between a fuel and oxygen. This
reaction is called combustion:

fuel + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

During combustion, heat and light energy are released and

carbon dioxide and water are also produced, so
combustion is similar to respiration.

The difference between combustion and respiration is that

combustion is not a controlled reaction. Respiration is a
controlled reaction that slowly releases energy from food in
the bodys cells and the cells do not catch fire!

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Respiration and combustion

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 The circulatory system

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Circulation
The dissolved food and
oxygen needed for respiration
are carried around the body
by the circulatory system.

The circulatory system

includes the blood, blood
vessels, the heart and
the lungs.

Which part of the

circulatory system actually
carries dissolved food and
oxygen to the bodys cells?

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Blood

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Your beating heart
The heart is made of very special
muscle called cardiac muscle.
This is because it has to keep beating
for the whole of a persons life!

If you tried to do the same action

repeatedly (like the heart does),
your muscles would get tired
and, after a while, stop working.
For example, if you keep clenching and unclenching your
hand, it will get tired and may even start to get cramp.

Why is it important for respiration that the heart keeps

beating?

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Ideas about circulation

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Measuring pulse
The heart pumps blood around the body in the blood vessels.
Each time it pumps it causes the blood vessels to throb.
This is called a pulse.

To take your pulse:

1. Hold out one hand with the palm facing up.
2. Put the index and middle fingers
of your other hand together.
3. Press these fingers
lightly on the underside
of the other wrist, just
under the thumb bone.

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Different types of activity
What happens to the pulse while someone is running?

During exercise, the pulse rises. This causes

blood to be pumped around the body more
quickly, which increases the amount of oxygen
and glucose that can reach muscle cells.

What happens to the pulse

while someone is sleeping?

During sleep, the pulse falls. This causes

blood to be pumped around the body
more slowly. This means that oxygen and
glucose take longer to reach muscle cells.

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 The breathing system

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What is breathing?
The breathing system is used by the body
to get the oxygen needed for respiration.
It is also used to get rid of one of
the waste products of respiration:
the gas, carbon dioxide.
Breathing in and breathing out are
separate processes in the body.
Breathing in is called inhalation. When you inhale, you
breathe air, including oxygen, into your lungs.
Breathing out is called exhalation. When you exhale you
breathe out the contents of your lungs and get rid of the
waste gas carbon dioxide.

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Inhalation and exhalation

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The alveoli

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Gas exchange

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Comparing inhaled and exhaled air
What are the differences between inhaled and exhaled air?

Inhaled Air Exhaled Air

Oxygen: 21% Oxygen: 16%

Carbon dioxide: 0.04% Carbon dioxide: 4%

Water vapour: Water vapour:

small amount large amount

What are the main differences?

How could you test for the differences between inhaled

and exhaled air?

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Respiration

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 Anaerobic respiration

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Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
When the body is able to supply its cells with the oxygen
and glucose that they need, it carries out aerobic
respiration.

carbon
glucose + oxygen dioxide + water ( + energy)

When the body cannot supply the cells with the oxygen
needed to break down glucose, then it has to carry out
anaerobic respiration. Energy is released without oxygen:

glucose lactic acid + energy

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Not enough oxygen!

glucose lactic acid + energy

When anaerobic respiration takes place, lactic acid

is also produced.

Lactic acid builds up in the muscle

cells and prevents the muscles
doing their job. This is thought to
cause fatigue and sometimes cramp.

After exercise the body needs to

remove the lactic acid before it
causes damage to cells.

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Oxygen debt
Lactic acid is broken down by oxygen.

lactic acid + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

After activity that has lead to

anaerobic respiration, the person
involved breathes heavily and their
heart rate remains high to supply
the body with the oxygen it needs.

The amount of oxygen needed to

remove all the lactic acid after
exercise is called an oxygen debt.

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How does running affect your pulse?

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Anaerobic respiration equations

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 Summary activities

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Glossary

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Anagrams

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Multiple-choice quiz

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