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Fundamentals of Wireless
Communications
Learning objectives
To introduce the concept of wireless media
To know the frequency spectrum for wireless communications
To review the principles of coding and modulation schemes
To understand the limitations of wireless communication
To study the wireless transmission and switching technologies
To study the diversity techniques for wireless systems
To discuss the performance improvement techniques for
wireless communication systems.
To know the generations of cellular systems
Digital communications
Digital communication refers to the transmission of a
sequence of digital messages (a bit stream) or a digitized
analog signal.
Digital messages are either represented by a sequence of
pulses by means of a line code, or by a limited set of analog
wave forms.
Digital communications (Contd..)
Transmitting data in digital form allows
greater signal processing capability,
errors caused by random processes can be detected and
corrected,
digital signals can also be sampled instead of continuously
monitored,
multiplexing of multiple digital signals is much simpler to the
multiplexing of analog signals,
enhancing quality of the signal,
modification of the signal as per the network and application
requirements
Wireless communication system
Wireless communication limitations
Bandwidth
Mobile phones and PDAs have smaller memory, and it is hard
to read large documents on them and may require information
of lesser bandwidth.
Larger computing devices connected in wireless environments
may require more bandwidth information since there is no
constraint on the screen and the memory.
Available LAN device bandwidth is maximum 55Mbps, whereas users
demand is 10Gbps. This imbalance forces to have a clever wireless
networking environments.
Wireless communication limitations
(Contd..)
Frequency spectrum
Dynamic channel allocation schemes can be used to optimize
the frequency usage of the given wireless communication area.
Power
A mobile node transmitter power in a wireless local environment ranges
from 230 mW to 2 W in 1850-1880 MHz range (uplink) that covers a
distance of 8 km.
Wireless and Radio
Radio may be defined as
A method of communicating over a distance by
modulating electromagnetic waves by means of an
intelligence bearing-signal and radiating these
modulated waves by means of transmitter and a
receiver.
A device or pertaining to a device, that transmits or
receives electromagnetic waves in the frequency
bands that are between 10kHz and 3000 GHz.
Voice over radio
Early 20th century, there were several experiments
transmitting the voice data over the radio.
1914 : First voice over radio transmission.
1920 : Mobile receivers installed in police cars in Detroit, USA.
1930 : Mobile transmitters developed; radio equipment occupied
most of police car trunk.
1935 : Frequency modulation (FM) demonstrated by Armstrong.
1940s : Majority of police systems converted to FM.
Birth of mobile telephony
Mobile telephone started gaining importance in 1940s.
Developments of mobile telephony in chronological
order are as follows.
1946 - First interconnection of mobile users to public
switched telephone network (PSTN).
1960s - Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS)
introduced; supports full-duplex, autodial, and auto-
trunking.
Wireless and Infrared
IR waves are longer than visible light waves and shorter
than radio waves. It cannot pass through walls or
ceilings, but it can bounce off flat surfaces and pass
through open door ways.
Uses of infrared wireless
IR used in PANs, specific wireless LAN, impractical in
mobile; used only to implement fixed wireless networks.
IR connected devices
Technologies in Digital Wireless
Communication
Source coding: Source coding deals with the time and
amplitude discretization of the analog source signal.
Waveform coding
Linear Predictive Coding (LPC)
Waveform coding
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Dierential PCM (DPCM)
Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM)
Delta Modulation (DM)
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
PCM encoding process
Differential PCM (DPCM)
DPCM predicts the next sample based on the last few
decoded samples. This minimizes mean squared error of
prediction.
Good prediction results in a reduction in the dynamic
range needed to code the prediction residual and hence a
reduction in the bit rate.
It can use non-uniform quantization or variable length
codes.
Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM)