(1946-1969)

CONDITIONS AFTER THE WAR

On June 3, 1946 President Roxas appeared for the 1st time
before the joint session of Congress to deliver his message
on the State of the Nation.
oPhilippines was declared as the 2nd most devastated city during
the war, next to Poland.
For many months, there was no production
Widespread unemployment
Food was scarce and thousands died because of various diseases
 American Aid
Philippine Civil Affairs Unit (PCAU)
o Created by the American Army in the Philippines
o Set up to help the military commander in extending relief aid to suffering
people
o It pays the salaries of Municipal Officers and teacher
o Employed Filipino laborers in American Military projects
The American Government also gave money to the Philippine
Government for purchase of foodstuff, medicine and clothing for
the Filipinos that would be paid by in due time.
THE GOVERNMENT
REORGRANIZED
In March 1945, President
Osmea reorganized the
government
oExecutive departments were
restored
oNew Department
(Department of Information)
was created
 American Financial Aid
The Congress of the United States appropriated
$100,000,000
oto be used for operating expenses
oredemption of guerilla notes issued during the war
Surplus materials with sale value of P100,000,000
Given a loan of $60,000,000 for reconstruction
 Parity rights to Americans
October 1945 the American Congress passed a bill into law
known as the Bell Trade Relations Act
Bell Trade Relations Act means free trade relations between Philippines and the
Unites States up to 1954, after that Philippines products entering the US would be
taxed by 5% each year until the full 100% in 1974

However, it had to amend the Constitution in order to grant the

Parity rights.
It violated the Constitution of 1935

Many patriotic people objected but majority of the people were

hungry, sick and helpless so in order to get the financial aid, and
amendment to the constitution was passed.
THE THIRD REPUBLIC
PROCLAIMED
 The Roxas Administration
(1946-1948)
April 23, 1946 Manuel A. Roxas was elected President
of the Commonwealth (the 1st president of the Third
republic)
July 4, 1946 proclamation of Independence at Luneta
Park, by U.S President Harry S. Truman and was read by
the last American High Commissioner in the Philippines,
Paul McNutt
 The Roxas Administration (1946-1948)

He began building the economy of the war-torn

Country
Top priorities
oIndustrialization od the Philippines
oPreservation of close cooperation and special relations
with the United States
oMaintenance of the rule of law and order
He began building the
economy of the war-torn
Country
Top priorities
oIndustrialization od the
Philippines
oPreservation of close
cooperation and special
relations with the United
States
oMaintenance of the rule of
law and order
Roxas bilateral agreements with the American
government
oTreaty of General Relations
oThe War Surplus Property Agreement
oThe Military Bases Agreement
oThe Military Assistance Agreement
Failures
oTo stamp-out graft and corruption bureaucracy
oFailure to contain the communist insurgency (Huk Movement)

April 15, 1948 Roxas died after 2 years in position

 The HUKBALAHAP Problem
Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon)
o Their members were called Huks
o It was founded early in 1942
o It was led by Pedro Abad Santos and Lava Brothers (Vicente, Jose and
Jesus)
o Supremo was Luis Taruc
March 1948, Roxas declared the HUKBALAHAP and its peasant
organization, The Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga magbubukid
(PKM) as illegal, after he failed to win them over
Elpidio Quirino, the 2nd
president of the third republic,
and economist
o Central Bank of the Philippines
o Signed into the law of Magna carta
or Labor and Minimum Wage
o Opened trade relations with
Thailand, South Korea, China,
India, Indonesia, and Australia
o He created the PACSA (Presidents
Action Committee on Social
Amelioration)
o Created the establishment of
ACCFA (Agricultural Credit
Cooperatives Financing
Administration)
The HUKS continued to disrupt the development of Philippines,
so president Quirino sent his younger brother, a former judge,
Antonio Quirino to meet with Luis Taruc
Taruc asked for the following
1. Scrapping of Bell Trade Act
2. No trade with Japan
3. Redistribution of large estates to the peasants/tenants
4. Release of all Huk prisoners
5. Industrialization
6. Removal of U.S bases in the country
After the Taruc-Quirino meetings
o President Quirino proclaimed amnesty to all Huks and PKM members
o the Huks promised to surrender their arms to the government
o However, Judge Quirino denied ever agreeing to implement Tarucs
demand.
o So, the peace reigned in central Luzon, known as Huklandia lasted only
for a short duration.
 Magsaysay and the Huks

October 18, 1950 Huk Politburo fell into the hands of Military
and Police authorities
o charged them by rebellion, complexed with murder and arson.
o Sentenced to life imprisonment and later reduced to 10 years
Ramon F. Magsaysay
o Won the Presidency in 1953 with the help of
American Money
o He was called President of the Common
Tao or Man of The Masses
o Former Quirinos Secretary of National
Defense
o He caused the surrender of Huk Supremo,
Luis Taruc and caused the HUKBALAHAP
movement to slow down in 1954
o In 1964, Dr. Jesus Lava (Tarucs successor as
Huk Supremo) was captured in Manila and
the HUKBALAHAP was finally broken
o He was remembered for his policy of honest
government
o Approved Agricultural Tenancy Act
o Died on March 17, 1957 in Cebu (Mt.
Manunggal) in an airplane accident
 Garcia and the Filipino First Policy
(1957-1962)

Carlos P. Garcia
oFormer Vice President of Magsaysay
oWon the presidency in the election of November in 1957
oHe anchored his program of government on austerity
oProclaimed the Filipino First policy. It means that the
Filipinos would be masters in their own land
Some of his greatest achievements
o The propagation of the concept of
Filipino Muna (Filipino First Policy)
o The projection of Filipino Culture
(through the world of goodwill tours of
the Bayanihan Folk Dance Troupe)
o The respect for human rights, and
maintenance of free elections
o Creation of Dr. Jose Rizal Centennial
Commission
o The Promotion of international Peace
and harmony (through official visits to
Japan, South Vietnam, Malaysia and
United States
The Macapagal Administration (1961-1965)
and Land Reform
Diosdado P. Macapagal
o Candidate of Liberal Party, won the Presidency in election of 1961
o Promised to solve the problem of unemployment and promote self-
sufficiency in food production
o The first president to adopt the decontrol policy imposed by foreign
banks
o Proposed an organization uniting Malay-based Countries through
MAPHILINDO (Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia).
This is considered as a precursor of the ASEAN (Association of Southeast
Asian Nations)
He was known for two
things:
1. The land reform code
2. Change of Independence
Day celebration from July 4
to June 12
Agricultural Land Reform Code
1. To establish and encourage the formation of family-sized farms as the
basis of Philippine agriculture
2. To improve status of the poor farmers by freeing them form pernicious
practices such as exorbitant rates of interest for loans
3. To encourage bigger productivity to increase the income of small farmers
4. To apply all labor laws to all irrespective of their status in life
5. To provide a land settlement programs and distribution of land
6. To make poor farmers independent, self-reliant, and responsible citizens
in order to strengthen the Philippine democratic society
o The Old Kasama system was substituted by Leasehold system
In this system, the leaseholder will pay 25% of the harvest to owner of the land
Independence Day
oSince1962, The Philippine Independence Day has been
celebrated on June 12 instead of July 4
July 4 Independence Day proclaimed by the U.S President Truman
June 12 Independence Day proclaimed by a Filipino, President
Aguinaldo
oToday, however, it is customary to call July 4 as Philippine-
American Friendship day
 President Marcos First Term
(1965-1969)
Ferdinand E. Marcos
o He wanted to run for Presidency in 1961 but Macapagal, the liberal Vice
President asked him to defer his political plan.
He agreed providing that Macapagal would serve only for one term.
o But when Macapagals term was over he refused to keep the agreement
Marcos left the Liberal Party and run under Nacionalista Party
o He won the Presidency in 1965, with the help of his wife, Imelda R.
Marcos, a niece of Norberto Romualdez of the Nacionalista Party.
o His slogan: This nation can be great again.
 His program includes:
1. Production of more rice
and diversification of crops
to attain self-sufficiency in
food
2. Implementation of a land
reform program
3. Community development
His major achievements:
1. Building more infrastructure like roads, bridges, schoolhouses (also
called as infrastructure program)
2. The improvement of Philippine National Railways (PNR)
3. Introduction of Miracle Rice and additional irrigation systems
4. Extension of financial and technical assistance to Filipino farmers
5. Effective collection of taxes
6. Intensive drive against smuggling, organized crime, and the communist
New Peoples Army (NPA)
7. The Holding of the Manila Summit Conference on October 24-25, 1966
 Marcos Second Term (1969)
In the elections of November 14, 1967
o The Nacionalista party won by landslide victoru
o Only one liberal party senatorial candidate was elected
He was Benigno Aquino Jr., the youngest governor of Tarlac

Under Marcos second term

o Filipino people suffered from grave economic crisis caused by the
rising oil price
o His term was characterized by rampant graft and corruption in the
government
o There was a prevalence of crime, subversion and the threat of
communist take-over