Your First Day of Class

You may be surprised to learn

that over 25% of all undergraduate students do not utilize their required
course material.

student retention is dropping nationwide and while the higher education

community has done a remarkable job of opening the doors of college to
more and more students, we have not seen equal strides in the number of
students who actually complete four-year degrees. (Education Trust, 2004)

Chapter What you can do

one The top factors motivating a student to use their adopted books all involve
whether the material is immediately used, referred to, or assessed from in
slides the classroom.

begin on Your students take their cues from you and many wait until the third week
slide 5. of class to see how the book is used before deciding whether or not they
need it. Please take a few minutes the first day of class to explain and
demonstrate why you adopted your book and accompanying technology.

The next few slides show the book, technology products, and messaging
Professor:
that indicates that they will be responsible for the content. Feel free to
Course/Section:
customize the information or delete from your slide set.
 Your Required Technology Materials

Durand/Barlow:
Essentials of Abnormal Psychology, 4e

You will need this

material for
tests and quizzes
homework and reading
assignments

Professor:
Professor:
Course/Section:
Course/Section:
 Resources to help you succeed in this course

makes your study time more efficient by testing YOU on all

the concepts and YOU need more help on.

Personalized Easy to Use

Time Saving

Professor:
Course/Section:
Resources to help you succeed in this course

InfoTrac College Edition WebTutor Tools

You can do your WebTutor offers real-

research 24/7 with easy time access to a full
access to over 10 array of premium
million full-text articles study tools, including
from nearly 5000 animations and
academic journals, videos that bring the
magazines, and book's topics to life.
periodicals. Do your
research from home,
work, or your dorm
room!

Student Companion Web Site

This outstanding site features interactive versions of the ethics &
choice activities, chapter-by-chapter online tutorial quizzes, a final
exam, chapter outlines, chapter review, chapter-by-chapter
weblinks, flashcards, and more!

Professor:
Course/Section:
 Chapter 1
Abnormal Behavior in
Historical Context
Myths and Misconceptions About Abnormal
Behavior
No Single Definition of Psychological
Abnormality
No Single Definition of Psychological
Normality
 What is a Psychological Disorder?

Psychological Dysfunction
Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or
behavioral functioning
Personal Distress
Difficulty performing appropriate and
expected roles
Impairment is set in the context of a persons
background
Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response
Reaction is outside cultural norms
 Abnormal Behavior Defined

Working Definition
A psychological dysfunction associated
with distress or impairment in functioning
that is not typical or culturally expected
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-
IV-TR)
DSM Contains Diagnostic Criteria
The Field of Psychopathology
The scientific study of psychological
disorders
 The Science of Psychopathology

Mental Health Professionals

The Ph.D.s: Clinical and counseling
psychologists
The Psy.D.s: Clinical and counseling
Doctors of Psychology
M.D.s: Psychiatrists
 The Science of Psychopathology
(continued)
M.S.W.s: Psychiatric and non-psychiatric
social workers
MN/MSNs: Psychiatric nurses
Lay public and community groups
United by the Scientist-Practitioner
Framework
 The Scientist-Practitioner

Producers of Research
Consumers of Research
Evaluators of Their Work Using Empirical
Methods
Functioning as a Scientist-Practitioner

Fig. 1.2, p. 6
 Clinical Description

Begins with the Presenting Problem

Description Aims to
Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction
from common human experience
Describe Prevalence and Incidence of
Disorders
 Clinical Description (continued)

Describe Onset of Disorders

Acute vs. insidious onset
Describe Course of Disorders
Episodic, time-limited, or chronic course
Prognosis
Good vs. guarded
 Causation, Treatment, and Outcome

Etiology
What contributes to the development of
psychopathology?
Treatment Development
How can we help alleviate psychological
suffering?
Includes pharmacologic, psychosocial,
and/or combined treatments
 Causation, Treatment, and Outcome
(continued)
Treatment Outcome Research
How do we know that we have helped?
Limited in specifying actual causes of
disorders
 Historical Conceptions of Abnormal
Behavior
Major Psychological Disorders Have Existed
In all cultures
Across all time periods
Causes and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
Varies Widely Across cultures, time
periods, world views
 Historical Conceptions of Abnormal
Behavior (continued)
Three Dominant Traditions
Supernatural
Biological
Psychological
 The Supernatural Tradition

Deviant Behavior as a Battle of Good vs.

Evil
Caused by demonic possession, witchcraft,
sorcery
Treatments included exorcism, torture,
beatings, and crude surgeries
The Moon and the Stars
Paracelsus and lunacy
 The Biological Tradition

Hippocrates: Abnormal Behavior as a

Physical Disease
Hysteria The Wandering Uterus
Galen Extends Hippocrates Work
Humoral theory of mental illness
Treatments remained crude
 The Biological Tradition (continued)
Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition
Linked abnormality with brain chemical
imbalances
Foreshadowed modern views
 The 19th Century

General Paresis (Syphilis) and the Biological

Link With Madness
Several unusual psychological and
behavioral symptoms
Pasteur discovered the cause A bacterial
microorganism
Led to penicillin as a successful treatment
Bolstered the view that mental illness =
physical illness
 The 19th Century (continued)

John Grey and the Reformers

Championed biological tradition in the USA
 Consequences of the Biological Tradition

Mental Illness = Physical Illness

Emil Kraeplin
Diagnosis and Classification
 The Psychological Tradition

The Rise of Moral Therapy

More humane treatment of institutionalized
patients
Encourage and reinforced social
interaction
 The Psychological Tradition (continued)

Proponents of Moral Therapy

Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin
Benjamin Rush Led reforms in U.S.
Dorothea Dix Mental hygiene movement
William Tuke - Followed Pinels lead in
England
The Falling Out of Moral Therapy
Emergence of Competing Alternative
Psychological Models
 Psychoanalytic Theory

Freudian Theory of the Structure and

Function of the Mind
Structure of the Mind
Id (pleasure principle; illogical, emotional,
irrational)
Ego (reality principle; logical and rational)
Superego (moral principles; keeps Id and
Ego in balance)
 Psychoanalytic Theory (continued)

Defense Mechanisms: Ego Loses the Battle

with the Id and Superego
Displacement & denial
Rationalization & reaction formation
Projection, repression, and sublimation
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
stages
 Later Developments in Psychoanalytic
Thought
Anna Freud and Self-Psychology
Emphasized influence of the ego in
defining behavior
Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, and Object
Relations Theory
Emphasized how children incorporate
(introject) objects
Objects images, memories, and values of
significant others
 Later Developments in Psychoanalytic
Thought (continued)
The Neo-Freudians: Departures From
Freudian Thought
De-emphasized the sexual core of Freuds
theory
Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm, and Erickson
 Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: The
Talking Cure
Unearth the Hidden Intrapsychic Conflicts
The Real Problems
Therapy Is Often Long Term
Techniques
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Examine Transference and Counter-
Transference Issues
Little Evidence for Efficacy
 Humanistic Theory

Major Players
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Major Themes
That people are basically good
Humans strive toward self-actualization
 Humanistic Theory (continued)

Humanistic Therapy
Therapist conveys empathy and
unconditional positive regard
Minimal therapist interpretation
No strong evidence that humanistic therapies
work
 The Behavioral Model

Derived from a Scientific Approach to the

Study of Psychopathology
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov; Watson)
Ubiquitous form of learning
Contingency between neutral and
unconditioned stimuli
Conditioning was extended to the
acquisition of fear
 The Beginnings of Behavior Therapy

Challenged Psychoanalysis and Non-

Scientific Approaches
Early Pioneers
Joseph Wolpe Systematic desensitization
Operant Conditioning (Thorndike; Skinner)
Another ubiquitous form of learning
Voluntary behavior is controlled by
consequences
 The Beginnings of Behavior Therapy
(continued)

Learning Traditions Influenced the

Development of Behavior Therapy
Behavior therapy tends to be time-limited
and direct
Strong evidence supporting the efficacy of
behavior therapies
 The Present: An Integrative Approach

Psychopathology Is Multiply Determined

Unidimensional Accounts of Psychopathology
Are Incomplete
 The Present: An Integrative Approach
(continued)
Must Consider Reciprocal Relations Between
Biological, psychological, social, and
experiential factors
Defining Abnormal Behavior
Complex, multifaceted, and has evolved
The Supernatural Tradition
Has no place in a science of abnormal
behavior