Introduction and Review of

Maxells Equations
Lecture # 1 & 2
 Name of Books

Electromagnetic Waves and

Radiation System by Edward C.
Jordan
Antenna and Wave Propagation by
G.S.N , Raju
https://sites.google.com/a/faculty.muet.
edu.pk/saima-hafeez
Review of Grad, Div and Curl
Gradient
Grad computes the gradient of scalar function, that is, it find the
gradient, the slop, how fast the change occur in any given direction.

Represents as : f F
Divergence
Div of a vector field is scalar and it measure of how much vector field
spread out in space.
Represents as : F f
Curl
Curl of a vector field is vector. It is the measure of how much the
field is twist or curl about a point.

Represents as :
F G
Review of Maxwells equation for Static Field

Names of laws Point form Integral form

Gausss law D D dS Qenc v dv
s v

Gausss law for
magnetism B 0 B dS 0
s

Faradays law of

induction E 0 E dL 0
c

Amperes law+ H dL I enc
maxwells extension H J c
 Review of Maxwells equations for Time varying fields

Names of laws Point form Integral form

Gausss law D D dS Qenc
s

Gausss
magnetism
law for
B 0 B dS 0
s

Faradays law of B
induction E B E dL B dS
t c s

Amperes law+ D H dL J D dS
maxwells extension H J s
t c
 Maxwells equations for Free space

Names of laws Point form Integral form

Gausss law D 0 D dS 0
s

Gausss law for
magnetism B 0 B dS 0
s

Faradays law of

induction E B E dL B dS
c s

Amperes law+
maxwells extension


H D
H dL D dS
c s
 Maxwells equations for Static Field in Free space

Names of laws Point form Integral form

Gausss law D 0 D dS 0
s

Gausss
magnetism
law for
B 0 B dS 0
s

Faradays law of
induction E 0 E dL 0
c

Amperes law+
H 0
H dL 0
Maxwell's extension c
Expression of J in term of Electric field

I V
L J J
R A L
A
V EL
L V
R
A J R J E
A
1

V
L
R J LA
A A
V
I
R
Influence of medium on the field
Characteristics of E and M field of a medium
can be described as

D E

B H

J E
Medium can be divided into five types

Homogeneous medium : having uniform properties throughout its

volume.
, and Are constant through out medium

For example : water, salt, white sugar and plastic cup milk

Non Homogeneous medium : having not uniform properties

throughout its volume.
, and Are not constant through out medium
For example : Human blood

Isotropic medium: has similar properties in any direction of travel for

waves through that medium.
Is a scalar constant through out medium

For example : rubber

Anisotropic medium Is not a scalar constant through out medium

For example : wood

Source free medium : there is not field sources

What is wave

A wave, which is a physical phenomenon, means a recurring function

of time at a point. In its re- occurrence there is time delay which is
proportional to the space separation between two adjacent locations.
 UNIFORM PLANE WAVE
An EM wave propagation in x direction is said
to be a uniform plane wave if its field E and H
are independent of y and z directions.
It is defined as a wave whose electric and
magnetic fields have constant amplitude over
the equi-phase surfaces. These wave exist only
in free space at an infinite distance from the
source or antenna.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electromagneticwave3D.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electromagneticsideview.gif

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electromagneticwave3Dfromside.gif
How do we use electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves are used to transmit long/short/FM

wavelength radio waves, and signals or energies. They are also
responsible for transmiting energy in the form of microwaves,
infrared radiation (IR), visible light (VIS), ultraviolet light (UV),
X-rays, and gamma rays TV/telephone/wireless.
 Uses of Electromagnetic Waves
Introduction
Wavelength of the Electro-Magnetic spectrum continually changes
high frequency = short wavelength
high frequency = high energy
high energy = more dangerous

Radio Waves (communications)

TV and FM radio (short wavelength)
Direct line of sight with transmitter (do not diffract)

Satellite signals (Microwaves)

Frequency of microwaves pass easily through atmosphere and clouds

Infrared Radiation (remote controls, toasters)

Any object that radiates heat radiates Infrared Radiation
Infrared Radiation is absorbed by all materials and causes heating
Police use it to catch criminals, army use it to detect enemy
 Continue
Ultraviolet
Dangers:
over-exposure to UVA and B damages surface cells and eyes and can cause cancer.
Benefits:
UVC is germicidal, destroying bacteria, viruses and moulds in the air, in water and on
surfaces.
X-rays
X-rays detect bone breaks
X-rays pass through flesh but not dense material like bones
Dangers: X-rays damage cells and cause cancers. Radiographer precautions
include wearing lead aprons and standing behind a lead screen to minimise
exposure
Gamma Rays
Gamma Rays cause and treat cancers
In high doses, gamma can kill normal cells and cause cancers
Gamma can be used to kill mutated cells though too.
Advantage of EM wave

Requires no maintenance of the medium