TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

(CDB 3033)

Momentum Transport
 Course Outcomes

CLO1 Explain the theoretical aspect of momentum, mass

and energy transport
CLO2 Apply mathematical and numerical methodology in
analyzing momentum transfer problem
CLO3 Apply mathematical and numerical methodology in
analyzing heat transfer problem
CLO4 Apply mathematical and numerical methodology in
analyzing mass transfer problem
CLO5 Analyze and solve transport phenomena using
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools.

Semester May 2013

 Lesson outcomes
6. Describe shell balance technique to solve
momentum transfer balance equation.

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 Momentum Transport Balance
Combined momentum flux = p +rvv
There are two mechanisms :
1. Molecular transport.
2. Convective transport
Molecular transport p = pd + t

Convective transport rvv

= pd + t +rvv
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 Examples of momentum transport problems

Some examples of momentum transport problems

Flow of fluid between parallel plate
Falling film (Flow of liquid along an inclined plane)
Flow through a circular tube
Flow through annulus of circular tubes

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 Examples of momentum transport problems
1. Flow between two parallel plates. Two parallel plates
having width of w are separated by Newtonian
liquid. The distance between the two plates is h. The
bottom plate moves to the right at a constant speed
v0 while the top is stationary. Determine:
i. the velocity and viscous stress profiles
ii. The average velocity and volume flow rate
iii. the force exerted on the plates by the fluid

v0

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 Examples of momentum transport problems
2. Falling film problem. Newtonian liquid is flowing down an
inclined plane at steady state as shown in the figure below.

i. Draw the momentum flux and velocity profiles

ii. Determine the film thickness
iii. Determine volume flow rate
iv. the force exerted on the plates by the fluid

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 Examples of momentum transport problems

3. Flow through a circular tube. Newtonian liquid is flowing

horizontal tube of radius r and length L. Assuming the
flow to be laminar,
i. Draw the momentum flux and velocity profiles
ii. Determine the maximum and average velocities
iii. Determine the mass flow rate
iv. Derive the formula for the pressure drop

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 Problem 4. Flow through circular annulus
4. Flow through a circular annulus. Newtonian liquid is
flowing through the circular annulus as shown in the
Figure below. Assuming the flow to be laminar
i. Sketch the momentum flux and velocity profiles
ii. Determine the maximum and average velocities
iii. Determine the mass flow rate
iv. Determine the force exerted on the inner tube

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 Momentum Balance Equation

Rate of Rate of All forces acting

momentum in
-
momentum out
+
on the system
= 0
Expanded form
Rate of Rate of Rate of
momentum in momentum out + momentum in by
- -
by conv. by conv. molec. transport
transport transport

Rate of
Force of gravity
momentum out + acting on the = 0
by molec.
system
transport

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 Solving Momentum Transport Problems
One of the most popular method for solving momentum
transport problem is the shell balance method.

The shell balance method is also used to solve energy and

mass transport problems.

The shell balance method is based on

(i) developing differential equations from the rate of
momentum balance across a thin shell perpendicular to
the direction of momentum transport.
(ii) Solving the differential equation for boundary
conditions of the problem.

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 Steps to Solve Momentum Transport Problems

1. Draw a the schematic diagram with appropriate coordinate

system.
2. Identify all the essential assumptions and boundary
conditions.
3. Identify all transport mechanisms.
4. Draw a thin shell, such that its surface is perpendicular to the
transport direction.
5. Carry out the shell momentum balance which results in a
first order ODE in terms of the viscous stress. Solve the
equation for the boundary condition to get the momentum
flux distribution. Otherwise go to next step.

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 Steps to Solve Momentum Transport Problems

6. Apply Newtons law of viscosity if the fluid is

Newtonian or appropriate non-Newtonian empirical
equation if the liquid is no-Newtonian. Solve it
imposing the boundary conditions to get the velocity
distribution.

7. Solve the remaining problems: average velocity, mass

flow rate, etc.

8. Check whether the assumption holds true

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 Step 1 & 2
Step 1. Schematic Diagram

Example:- Flow between parallel plates

y h v0

Step 2. Assumptions and boundary conditions

Assumptions Boundary Conditions
laminar flow vx= v0 at y = 0
vx= f(y) vx= 0 at y = h
vy= vz= 0

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 Steps 3 & 4
Step 3. Momentum transport mechanisms
xx = p + txx +rvxvx

yx = tyx +rvyvx

zx = tzx +rvzvx

Step 4. Draw a thin shell with the transport mechanisms

xx |x=0 yx |y+Dy xx |x=L

y
yx |y
x

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 Step5
Step 5. Shell Momentum Balance
Rate of Rate of All forces
momentum - momentum + acting on the =0
in out system

leads to
?
(1)

After integration

? (2)

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 Step 6
Step 6. Apply Newtons Law of viscosity, i.e. use (3) in (1)
and solve for the boundary conditions to get the velocity
distribution.
(3)

Common boundary conditions

Solid-fluid interface, the velocity of the fluid equals the
velocity of the solid surface at the solid-fluid interface.

Gas-liquid interface:- At gas-liquid interface the viscous

stress is assumed zero owing to the fact that the gas
viscosity is low.

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 Step 6. Continued and Step 7
Solve the differential equations.
Using (3) in (2)

Note that the boundary conditions are used to evaluate

the constants of integration

f(y)
7. Solve the remaining problems: average velocity,
maximum velocity, mass (volume) flow rate, force exerted on
the walls, etc.
8. Check whether the assumption holds true
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 Lesson outcomes
6. Describe shell balance technique to solve
momentum transfer balance equation.

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