DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS USING IS:800-2007

S.Arul Jayachandran
Scientist
Steel Structures Group
Structural Engineering Research Centre
CSIR Campus, Chennai- 113
e-mail: arulsteel@yahoo.com
arul@sercm.csir.res.in
Postbuckling strength of thin plate elements
 Which is stronger ?

An Elephant or an Ant
This signifies the postbuckled
capacity of thin plate elements to
take larger stresses beyond their
critical stress
 F F+DF F
D A A
S D S

S D S d
D

F
Prebuckling Postbuckling
scr
F F
S
D
VIEW A-A
S+D D d
Inplane Out-of-plane
 Postbuckling strength- thick or thin plate ?

Thick plate Thin plate

sy s

scr,thick Postbuckled reserve

Postbuckled reserve strength(Thin Plate)
strength(Thick Plate)
scr,thin
d

5
IS:800 Draft-19.12.03
sf /fy sf /fy
1.00 1.0

0.75 0.75 Test data

(sE /fy)
0.50 0.50 (scr/fy)
Test data

0.25 0.25

0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0

fy / s E fy/scr
(a) (b)

Column and Plate Strength Curves

BUCKLING OF WEB PLATES IN SHEAR

cr

Shear buckling of a plate

 POST-SHEAR BUCKLING BEHAVIOUR

Tension Field Action

y 3 1 cr / y
cr when cr y and (a / d ) 3.0
2 1 a / d 2

cr when cr y and (a / d ) 3.0

d
Concept of effective width in cold formed steel structures
LIMIT BEHAVIOUR OF PLATE GIRDERS AND ITS DESIGN
 INTRODUCTION
For Heavy Loads And Long Spans, choice is

Beam with cover plates

Steel truss
Plate girders
Two or more regular beams
TYPES OF PLATE GIRDERS
INNOVATIVE USE OF MATERIAL IN PLATE GIRDER
COMPONENTS OF A PLATE GIRDER

Flange plate - flexure

Web plate - shear

Stiffener - prevents buckling

TWO METHODS OF DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS

Simple post critical method

Only the post critical reserve strength
Tension field method
Post critical reserve strength + Tension field strength
Design using post buckling strength of web
Simple Post critical method
Truss action of the web in the postbuckled state
Typical tension field in a panel
Tension field action
 SHEAR RESISTANCE OF PLATE GIRDER

Shear resistance of a web

Pre-buckling behaviour (Stage 1)
Requirements of equilibrium in an element inside a
square web plate subject to a shear stress result in
generation of complementary shear stresses

This results in element being subjected to principal

compression along one diagonal and tension along the
other

21
IS:800 Draft-19.12.03
 q
A B

q
E
q

45o

D
q C
Unbuckled Shear panel
 As the applied loading is incrementally enhanced, plate
will buckle along direction of compressive diagonal -
corresponding shear stress in plate iscritical shear
stress

Critical shear stress in such a case is given by

2
2E t
qcr k s
12 1 2 d

Boundary conditions assumed to be simply supported

 Post buckled behaviour (Stage 2)

Compression diagonal is unable to resist any

more loading beyond elastic critical stress

Any further increase in shear load is supported

by a tensile membrane field, anchored to top and
bottom flanges and adjacent stiffener members
on either side of web

Total state of stress in web plate may be

obtained by superimposing post-buckled
membrane tensile stresses upon critical shear
stress
24
IS:800 Draft-19.12.03
Post buckled behaviour
 Collapse behaviour (Stage 3)

When load is further increased, tensile membrane

stress continues to exert an increasing pull on
flanges

Eventually resultant stress obtained by combining

the buckling stress and membrane stress reaches
yield value for web - can be determined by Von-
Mises yield criterion

p2 p 2 p . p 90 3q2 p 2yw
90
Tensile membrane stress at yield

Collapse of the panel

27
IS:800 Draft-19.12.03
Collapse of panel with hinges on flange

28
 Collapse behaviour - 4

Once web has yielded, final collapse

of girder will occur when four plastic
hinges are formed in flanges
Three phases of tension field action
ULTIMATE BEHAVIOUR OF TRANSVERSE WEB STIFFENERS - 1

Force imposed on transverse stiffeners by tension field

31
GENERAL BEHAVIOUR OF LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED GIRDERS - 1

Longitudinal and Transverse stiffeners

32
Perfect anchoring of the tension field

33
Flange buckling into the web

Very thin flange

34
Flange buckling into the web

35
Adequate and inadequate stiffener performances
Inadequate transverse stiffener

37
8.4.2 Resistance to Shear Buckling
for an unstiffened web
d 67
tw
250 / f y
kv for a stiffened web

8.4.2.2 Shear Buckling Design Methods

a) Simple Post-Critical Method -The nominal shear strength
is
Vn = Vcr Vcr = d twb
b = shear stress corresponding to buckling, determined as follows:
a) When w 0.8
b f yw / 3
b) When 0.8 < w < 1.25

b 1 0.625w 0.8 f yw / 3
c) When w 1.25 b =0.9 fyw/(3w2)
Cont
38
w = non -dimensional web slenderness ratio for shear buckling stress, given by

w f yw ( 3 cr ,e )
The elastic critical shear stress of the web, cr is given by:

kv 2 E
cr

12 1 2 d / t w
2

kv = 5.35 when transverse stiffeners are provided only at supports

= 4.0 +5.35 /(c/d)2 for c/d < 1.0
= 5.35+4.0 /(c/d)2 for c/d 1.0

b) Tension Field Method - the nominal shear resistance, Vn, should be Vn=Vtf

Vtf d tw b 0.9 wtf tw f v sin Vnp
Cont

39
fv = yield strength of the tension field obtained from

f v f yw 3 b
2 2

2 0.5

=1.5 b sin 2
1 d
= inclination of the tension field tan
c
The width of the tension field, wtf, is given by:wtf = d cos (c-sc-st) sin

0.5
2 M fr
s c
sin f y t w

M fr 0.25b f t f f yf 1 N f / b f t f f yf / m0
2 2

Cont

40
Tension field at collapse
8.6 Design of Beams and Plate Girders with Solid Webs

8.6.1 Minimum Web Thickness

8.6.1.1 Serviceability Requirement

a) when transverse stiffeners are not provided
d
200
tw
(web connection by flanges along both longitudinal edges)
d
90
tw (web connection by flanges along one longitudinal edge only)

b) when transverse stiffeners only are provided;

d
200 w
i) when c d tw
c
ii) when 0.74 d < c < d 200 w
tw
d
iii) when c < 0.74 d 270 w
tw
Cont
 c) when transverse and longitudinal stiffeners are provided at one level only
(0.1 d from compression flange)
d
i) when c > d
250 w
tw
c
ii) when 0.74 d < c < d 250 w
tw
d
iii) when c < 0.74 d 340 w
tw
d) when a second longitudinal stiffener (located at neutral axis is provided )
d
400 w
tw
8.6.1.2 Compression Flange Buckling Requirement
a) When transverse stiffeners are not provided
d
345 2f
tw Cont
 b) When transverse stiffeners are provided and
i) when c 1.5 d
d
345 2f
tw
Ii) when c < 1.5d
d
345 f
tw
8.7 Stiffener design
a) Intermediate Transverse Web Stiffener To improve the buckling strength
of slender web due to shear (8.7.2).
b) Load Carrying Stiffener To prevent local buckling of the web due to
concentrated loading (8.7.3 and 8.7.5).
c) Bearing Stiffener To prevent local crushing of the web due to
concentrated loading (8.7.4 and 8.7.5).
d) Torsion Stiffener To provide torsional restraint to beams and girders at
supports (8.7.9).
e) Diagonal Stiffener To provide local reinforcement to a web under shear
and bearing (8.7.7).
f) Tension Stiffener To transmit tensile forces applied to a web through a
flange (8.7.8).
 Summary

Concepts for plate girders which are

embedded in the IS:800 has been briefly
outlined.