Engr. Erwin B.

Emejas
it is the transmission, reception and
processing of information between two or
more points using electronic circuit
 1837 Telegram(5km) Samuel F.B. Morse
1844 Telegram Washington
1850 Submarine Telegram Dover<->Calais
1876 Telephone Alexander G.Bell
1878 Telephone Service (Boston U.S.)
1895 Wireless Telegraphy G.Marconi PAT.7777
1899 Wireless Telegraphy The Strait of Dover
1901 Wireless Telegraphy The Atlantic Ocean
1912 CQD from Titanic All Station , Distress!
 1953 TV
1960 Color TV
1960 Satellite Communication
1969 FM Radio
1969 ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects
Agency NETwork) DOD of U.S.
1979 Mobile Phone (1G)
1982 Internet TCP/IP
1993 Mobile Phone (2G)
1986 Broadcasting Satellite
2001 Mobile Phone (3G)
2003 Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting in Japan
Source Medium/
Transmitter Receiver Destination
Info Channel

Noise
Information Source
selects symbols (letters, numbers,
words, sounds, etc) from an
alphabet (or ensemble) of possible
symbols
Types of Information

radio, telephony, telegraph,

broadcasting, radar, radio,
telemetry, and radio aids for
navigation
Two Major Categories of Information Signals:

1. Analog Signal
are time-varying voltages or currents that are continuously
changing
contains an infinite number of values
example: human voice or music

2. Digital Signal
are voltages or currents that change in discrete steps or
levels
examples: binary-coded numbers or alphanumeric codes
 Voice Signal

0 100 1000 10000 Hz

Video Signal

0 100 1000 10000 1000000 Hz

 0 1 0 1 1 0
+ NRZ
(Non Return Zero)
0
Uni-polar
+
RZ
(Return Zero)
0

+ NRZ
(Non Return Zero)
0

-
Di-polar
+ RZ
( Return Zero)
0

-
 Basic Concepts
Frequency Wavelength
number of times a distance between two
particular phenomenon points of similar cycles
occurs at a given time of a periodic wave
expressed in hertz (1/1
sec) Hz Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Bandwidth Range of
portion of the electromagnetic
electromagnetic signals encompassing
spectrum occupied all frequencies
by a signal
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency
Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF) 30-300 Hz
Voice Frequencies (VF) 300-3kHz
Very Low Frequencies (VLF) 3kHz-30 kHz
Low Frequencies (LF) 30kHz-300kHz
Medium Frequencies (MF) 300kHz-3MHz
High Frequencies 3MHz-30MHz
Very High Frequencies (VHF) 30MHz-300MHz
Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) 300MHz-3GHz
Super High Frequencies (SHF) 3GHz-30GHz
Extremely Highquencies (EHF) 30GHz-300GHz
Infrared Light 300GHz-3THz
3THz-30THz
30THz-300THz
Visible Light 300THz-3Phz
Ultraviolet Light 3PHz-30PHz
X-rays 30PHz-300PHz
Gamma Rays 300PHz-3EHz
Cosmic Rays 3EHz-30EHz
Circle

1 sec
0

1Hz

Circle

2Hz
1 sec
0
Circle

1 sec
0

4Hz
Circle

1 sec
0

8Hz
Transmitter
a collection of electronic
components and circuits designed
to convert the information into a
signal suitable for transmission over
a given

Processes Involved

modulation, multiplexing, encoding,

encryption, and pre-emphasis (FM)
Channel
the medium by which the electronic
signal is sent from one place to
another

Receiver
another collection of electronic
components and circuits that accept
the transmitted message from the
channel and convert it back into a
form understandable by humans
 Processes Involved

demodulation, demultiplexing,
decoding, decryption, and
de-emphasis (FM)

Noise
any unwanted form of electrical
energy, random and aperiodic in
character which tends to mutilate
the desired signal
 Simplex
A B TV, Radio, Pager etc

Half-Duplex String Phone, Intercomm

A B Handy Talky

Full-Duplex
A B Telephone,
A B Point to Point
Connection
B Personal Phone
Point to Multipoint
A C
Connection
D Broadcasting(Radio, TV)
Air Interface
Bus Connection
A B C D LAN( Local Area Network)
Ethernet
 A
Ring Connection
FDDI(Fiber Distributed
D B Data Interface)

C
A
Tree Connection
B C
PSTN(Public Switched
Telephone Network)
D E F G (Lower Layer)
 A

Mesh Connection
C B

PSTN( higher layer)

D E

F
Baseband Transmission
- The transmission of baseband signals directly
and unmodified over the medium
Baseband signals
- Original information or intelligence signals
either analog or digital
Broadband Transmission
- Transmission by modulating a carrier over
the medium
- Process of changing baseband signal using a
modulator
 MODULATION
process by which some
mixing of low frequency characteristic of a high
signals modulating frequency sine wave is
signal) with high varied in accordance with
frequency signals (carrier the instantaneous value
signal) of the signal

imposition of information modification of one

on a given signal signal by another signal
 Carrier

10m
2m
1m
Uhiudhsiuhf
Nfdnfoidnf
Kjdnfk
Kjdsnbkjn
Dsfnkdnfsd

Idiusg

Wiuiu
Ediu
Ohe
Iuiudshfsfsfds

Idie
Uih
Iu
dcsicbdiub
 SP
AMP

SP

AMP

SP

Mod AMP Dem AMP

A
A B

freq
Multiplexing
AMP freq

B
A B

freq AMP B
A
freq
A

freq SPA
Mod AMP Dem AMP
freq

freq
B
SP B
Mod AMP Dem AMP
freq freq
Types of Modulation
a. According to carrier used

1. Pulse
1. Continuous Wave
carrier is a train
carrier is a sinusoid
of pulses (discrete)
Types of Modulation
a. According to the method used

1. Analog
modulated 2. Digital
parameter is made change the form of
proportional to the a given signal
modulating signal
Reasons for Modulation

1. To reduce the antenna lengths

2. To reduce noise / interference

3. For frequency assignments

4. For multiplexing

5. To overcome equipment
limitations
1. Baseband Transmission

Baseband Signal Transmission

(voice etc.)

Receiever
2.Carrier Frequency Transmission
Transmission
Baseband Signal
Modulator DeModulator
(voice etc.)
Modulated
Signal

Baseband Signal
Carrier Frequency Signal
voice etc.
Demodulation
- Process of removing intelligence from the
high frequency carrier in a receiver
(demodulator)

antenna
Speaker

Demodulator

RF Amp AF Amp
1. Line Communication
guided media which include coaxial
cable, twisted pair, optical fibers and
waveguides

2. Radio Communications
unguided media
 Noise

Bandwidth
 highly theoretical study of the efficient use of
bandwidth to propagate through electronic
communications system used to determine the
information capacity
 measure of how much information can be
propagated through a communication system
represents the number of independent symbols that
can be carried through a system in a given unit of
time (bits per second)
Hartleys Law:

I BW x ts
Where: I information capacity (bps)
BW Bandwidth (Hz)
ts transmission time (s)

Shannons Limit for Information Capacity

S S
I BW log 2 ( 1 ) or I 3.32 BW log 10 ( 1 )
N N

Where I information capacity (bps)

BW bandwidth (Hz)
S/N Signal-to-noise power ratio
 Shannon-Hartley
I 2 BW log 2 M
Where M number of signal levels
Minimum Nyquist Bandwidth / Minimum Nyquist
Frequency
fb 2 BW
minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to
propagate a signal

Where fb bit rate (bps)

BW ideal Nyquist Bandwidth
2BW highest theoretical bit rate
 Relationship between Nyquist Frequency and Baud

fb
baud
N
M-ary Encoding
term derived from the word binary
M simply represents a digit that corresponds to the
number of conditions, levels, or combinations possible
N log 2 M 2 N
M

Where N number of bits used

M no. of conditions, levels
Baud and Minimum Bandwidth

Bit Rate (fb) refers to the rate of change of digital

information signal ( bits per second )

Baud Rate rate of change of a signal on the

transmission medium after encoding and
modulation have occurred
- unit of transmission rate, modulation rate or symbol rate
(baud per second or symbol per second)
1
baud
ts
Examples:
1. A telephone line has a bandwidth of 3.2 KHz
and a S/N of 35 dB. A signal is transmitted
down this line using a four-level code. What
is the maximum theoretical data rate?
2. A radio channel is to be transmitted at 10
kbps. What absolute minimum bandwidth is
required to pass the fastest information
change undistorted using a code with 4
possible states?
 Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking
two devices is greater than the bandwidth
needs of the devices, the link can be shared.

Multiplexing is the set of techniques that

allows the simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals across a single data link.
 With FDM, multiple sources that originally
occupied the same frequency spectrum are
each converted to a different frequency
band and transmitted simultaneously over
a single transmission medium.

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique

that combines analog signals.
 In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-
division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology
which multiplexes multiple optical carrier
signals on a single optical fiber by using
different wavelengths (colors) of laser light
to carry different signals
The basic principle behind WDM involves the
transmission of multiple digital signal using
several wavelengths without interfering with
one another.
 operates in optical frequencies (300GHz
30000THz)
Color
in
Violet 3700 4550
Blue 4560 4920
Green 4930 5770
Yellow 5780 5970
Orange 5980 6220
Red 6230 7500
 With TDM, transmissions from multiple
sources occur at the same facility, but not
at the same time. Transmissions from
various sources are interleaved in the time
domain.
PCM is the most prevalent encoding
technique used for TDM signals, rendering
TDM to be digital in nature.
 US/Canada/Japan use one system, the T
carrier systems.
T1, the lowest rate of North American T
carriers, has a line speed of 1.544Mbps.
For Europe, they use E-lines.
The basic rate of E-lines, E1, has a line
speed of 2.048Mbps.