Course Structure Class - X (Annual Examination)

Very Short Short Answer Short Answer Long Answer Total Marks
Answer (VSA) - I (SAI) 2 - II (SAII) 3 (LA) 5 Marks
1 Mark Marks Marks

Total (Theory
Based 2x1=2 3x2=6 10x3=30 6x5=30 Total 68(21)
Questions)
Practical
Based
Questions 6x2=12 12(6)
(PBQs)
 Course Structure Class - X (Annual Examination)
Unit III : Natural Phenomena
Reflection of light - Images formed by spherical mirrors,
mirror formula (Derivation not required), magnification.

Refraction; Laws of refraction, refractive index.

Refraction of light by spherical lens;
Image formed by spherical lenses;
Lens formula (Derivation not required);
Magnification.
Power of a lens.
 Course Structure Class - X (Annual Examination)
Unit III : Natural Phenomena

Functioning of a lens in human eye

Defects of vision and their corrections
Applications of spherical mirrors and lenses.
Dispersion of light
Scattering of light
Unit IV : Effects of Current
Electric current,
potential difference and electric current.
Ohms law; Resistance, resistivity,
Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends.
Series combination of resistors, parallel combination of resistors and its
applications in daily life.
Heating effect of electric current and its applications in daily life.
Electric power,
Interrelation between P, V, I and R.
Magnetic effects of current :
Field due to a current carrying conductor,
Field due to current carrying coil or solenoid;
Force on current carrying conductor,
Flemings Left Hand Rule- Electric Motor,
Electromagnetic induction. Induced potential difference, Induced current
Flemings Right Hand Rule-Electric Generator
D.C. A.C.- frequency of AC.
Advantage of AC over DC.
Domestic electric circuits.
- Electric current and its units

- Circuit

- Open & Closed circuit

- Conditions to flow an electric current in a circuit.

- Circuit diagram

- Symbols for different electronic components

Charge: Is the fundamental property of matter which exhibits electrostatic

Attraction and repulsion.

Types of charges:

Positive : Proton; Negative : electron

Charge of electron / proton 1e=1.610-19 C;

C - S.I. unit of electric charge Coulomb
Properties of charges:
1. Attraction & Repulsion : unlike charges attracts, like charges repel
2. Conservation of charges:
For an isolated system total charge remains constant. We can not create or destroy
the charge.
3. Additivity of charge:
Total charge of the object is obtained by algebraically all the charges present in it.
4. Quantization of the charge:
In nature there is a smallest amount of charge( charge of electron/proton) and all the
charges or integral multiple of all this smallest unit.
If n electrons present then the total charge(Q) ne
Conductors and Insulators:
In conductors there are huge number of free electrons, these free electrons are
responsible for conduction of electricity.

In insulators there are no free electrons.

Electric current:
Flow of electrons.
OR
The number of electrons flowing through particular area in unit time(1 sec).
OR
The movement of electrons from one end of the material to another end
constitutes electric current.
The units for electric current is Ampere.
We represents Ampere with A.
Ex: 1A ,
100 mA (milli ampere)( mA= 10-3A),
10 A (micro ampere) (A = 10-6A)
 Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge?

Charge of the electron is 1.6X10-19C.

-19
1e=1.610 C;
1
-19
e 1C ;
1.610
1 1
x10 e 1C ; [ a m ]
19 m

1.6 a
10
x10 e 1C ;
18

1.6
6.25x1018 e 1C; 1C -Coulomb of charge means 6.25x1018 electrons;
If a net charge Q, flows across any cross section of a conductor in time t,
then the current t
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Q e eeeeee
I= ; eeeeeee
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Area
t of

WIRE
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Net charge- Q=ne

A current of 0.5A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb for 10 minutes.
Find the amount of electric charge that flows through the circuit. Find the
number of electrons.
Given I= 0.5A;
t= 10 min;
Check the units
t= 10 min= 600s.
Q
Formula I= ;
t
We need to find the amount of charge Q;

Q= I*t;
Q= 0.5*600
Q= 300C;
A charge of 300C flowing through an area of across section in 5min. Find the
current value.

A charge of 300C flowing through an area of across section and the current
value is 3mA. Find the time taken to flow the charge.
Units for charge in CGS system is
ESU- Electro static unit( or stat coulomb
or franklin(Fr)

1C= 4.803 10 esu

-10

1C= 3 10 statC
9
Electric Field:
The space or the region around the charged object in which it Can
influences(attract or repel) other charged or uncharged Objects is called
electric field. It is denoted with E. it is a vector quantity.

+Q -Q

Electric Field lines are Electric Field lines are

radially outward radially inward
 +

Field lines never cross each other

 E
+q

F=Eq
 Charge Q will repel the q charge
+Q +q
F
F-Force must be applied
To move the charge
To bring charge +q from infinity to a point inside the field
We must apply force So the work done in bringing
We need to do a work a unit positive charge
into an electric field is stored
This work is stored as a
as electric potential.
Potential energy
Electric potential at a point in an electric field is defined
As the work done in moving a unit positive charge from
infinity to that point
 +q
+Q Electric
Electric
potential-VB potential-VA

Potential difference
VB -VA

Potential difference is defined as the work done in

moving a unit charge from one point to another point.
W is the work done for Q charge then work done per
unit charge is potential difference

Potential difference= W/Q; units J/C = Volts

Coulombs Inverse square law:

Q1
r Q2

F12 F21

FQ1Q2 (1)
1
F 2 (2)
r
Q1Q2
F 2 (3)
r
Q1Q2 k -constant of proportionality
F=k 2
(4) Coulomb constant
r
k= 9x109 N.m2 /C2
Alessandro Volta was an Italian physicist, chemist, and a
pioneer of electricity and power, who is credited as the inventor
of the electrical battery and the discoverer of methane.
 When we connect a conducting wire the negative charges will
flow from Q (negative potential to +Q ( positive potential)

Flow of electrons is called current

To flow of electric current there must be a potential difference
e
Repel Attract
+Q +q -Q
VB VA

As we move towards the positive As we move towards the negative

charge the potential Increases charge the potential decreases
So Cell is a device which develops a P.D. between two points ( positive terminal-
high, negative terminal-low) by separating positive and negative charges.
1Volt:

V= W/Q;

If 1 Joule of work is required to move 1C charge from one

point to another then the potential difference between the two
points is 1Volt.
Cell:
Is device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Cell is device which produce a constant potential difference between
two pints.
Symbol for a cell + -
Longer line indicates positive terminal.
Shorter line indicates negative terminal.
If we take 1.5V cell positive terminal potential is 1.5V and negative
terminal has zero potential.
So potential difference across a cell is 1.5-0=1.5V
Battery: Is a combination of two or more number of cells.
+ - + - + - + -
Circuit:
Connection two or more number of electronic
components through which an electric current can flow.
It is a continuous and closed path of an electric
current.
*** In circuit current always flow from positive
terminal to negative terminal of the cell.
But the flow of electrons is in reverse direction
means negative terminal to positive terminal.
Simple Circuit:
A simple circuit consists of a power source( source of
electric current), a switch, bulb and connecting wires.
Circuit diagram:

Pictorial representation of circuit by using standard symbols.

Always start with power source- cell.

i
+
1.5V
-
 Ohms Law:
A CONDUCTING WIRE B Voltage (V) Current (mA)
0 0
V2 1 100
A
2 200
3 300

V1
As the voltage across the conducting wire increase
Current through a conducting wire is directly proportional
Current through the conducting wire is increasing
to the voltage/ potential difference across the wire
I is directly proportional to V
I V
 IV
Potential difference across the wire is directly proportional
to the Current through a conducting wire.
VI
To remove proportionality we need to put a constant- R
R- is called as resistance of the wire
V =R I
V=IR
Ohms Law:
Ohmic substances and Non- ohmic substances
Ohmic substances:
The materials which obeys ohms law are called as ohmic substances.
For ohmic substances the V-I graph is always straight line.

Non- Ohmic substances:

The materials which does not obeys ohms law are called as non- ohmic
substances.
For non-ohmic substances the V-I graph is not a straight line it is curved
line.
Conductivity(- sigma):
The reciprocal of resistivity of the material of conductor is called as
conductivity
Temperature dependence of resistivity:
When the temperature of a conductor increases, the amplitude of
vibrations of ions of the conductor increases. Now the free electrons
collide more frequently with the vibrating ion. As a result, resistivity
increases as the temperature increases.
SERIES CONNECTION OF RESISTORS
When two or more number of resistor are connected end to end, then they are
said to be connected in series.
Battery voltage V produces a current I in the resistors.
V1, V2 and V3 are the potential differences across R1, R2 and R3 respectively.
Sum of voltage drops in a closed loop is zero (Kirchhoff Voltage law)
V- V1 - V2 - V3 =0;
Total potential V =V1 + V2 + V3;
From ohms law V1 =I R1 ; V2 = I R2 ; V3 = I R3 ;
And V= I Rtotal;
I Rtotal=I R1+I R2+I R3 ;
I Rtotal=I (R1+ R2+ R3 ) ;
Rtotal=R1+ R2+ R3 ;
PARALLEL CONNECTION OF RESISTORS
When two or more number of resistors ends all connected together, then they
are said to be connected in parallel.
Battery voltage V produces a current Itotal in the resistors.
I1, I2 and I3 are the currents through R1, R2 and R3 respectively.
Sum of the currents at any junction is zero (Kirchhoff current law)
I total - I1 - I2 - I3 =0; ( here for I1, I2 and I3 is taken because they are going
away from the junction)
Total current Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3;
From ohms law I1 =V/ R1 ; I2 = V/ R2 ; I3 = V/ R3 ;
And Itotal= V/ Rtotal;
V V V V V 1 1 1
= + + ; =V( + + ); 1 1 1 1
R total R1 R 2 R 3 R total R1 R 2 R 3 =( + + );
R total R1 R 2 R 3
 Steps to solve circuit problems
+ - + - + -
1. Identify whether the resistors are
connected in series or parallel. For that
assuming + and sings for resistors. ( all
the terminals facing towards battery are + -
+ and other side are ).
2. Then Find the total resistance (Rtotal). Is
the sum of all the resistances.
3. Find the total current Itotal.
Itotal = V/ Rtotal
4. Find the voltage across each resistor by
ohms law. V1= Itotal*R1
PARALLEL
PARALLEL PARALLEL
 PARALLEL

series
Heating effect of electric current
When electric current is passed through a a high resistance wire like
Nichrome , then the wire becomes very hot and produces heat, this
effect is called heating effect of electric current.
Current Heat energy
Heat energy is increasing
Current means flow of electrons Atoms- vibrates more
Electrons- collides with atoms
avg K.E. is increased
Transfer some energy
From where atoms will gain energy
Atoms will vibrate more

Avg K.E. will be increased Here the electricity is converted

into heat
 Conductor offers resistance to electric current

Voltage must be applied to pass current

Free electron move from high potential to low potential

Electrons collides with atom and transfers energy

Atoms will vibrate more and creates resistance

Work must be done by current to over come this

resistance

This work is converted into heat energy

 Calculation of heat generated in a conductor
Assume that a conductor has a resistance R, work must be done by the source of
current source for continuous flow of the current.
Lets take W is the work done by the source of current to flow I current through a
wire of resistance R.
Work done per unit charge is known as electric potential V.