Demonstration

on

Communication System
 COMMUNICATION

The word communication refers to the

transfer of information or message from one
point to another point.
In ancient times, long distance messages
were carried by messengers on foot, horse,
cart e.t.c but in modern communication
system the information is first converted into
electrical signal and then sent electronically.
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM & ITS
ELEMENTS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
The set up used to transmit
information from one point to another
is called a communication system.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
TRANSMITTER
COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
RECEIVER.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

INFORMATIO
N TRANSMI- USER OF
CHANNEL RECEIVER
TTER INFORMATION
SOURcE

Message
Transmitted Received Message
Signal
Signal Signal Signal

Communication
System
 TRANSMITTER: It is a set up that
transmits the message to receiving end
through a communication channel.

Its main function is to convert the

message signal produced by the
information source into a form
suitable for transmission through
the channel & to transmit it
COMMUNICATION CHANNEL:

It is the medium or the physical path that connects a

transmitter to a receiver. It carries the modulated wave from
transmitter to the receiver. It can be transmission line, an
optical fibre or free space.

Receiver :It is a set up that receives the transmitted

signal from the transmission medium and converts those
signals back to their original form. This process of recovering
the original signal is called demodulation or detection.
A SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT FOR TRANSMISSION
& RECEPTION OF A MESSAGE SIGNAL

Antenna Antenna
DEMO AUDI
MODULAT AMPLIF AMP DULAT O
OR IER OR AMP

LOUD
MICROPHONE SPEAKER

RECEIVER
TRANSMITTER
 EXPLAINATION
At the transmitting end, a microphone converts the sound
signal into a time-varying electrical signal called the
message signal.
With the help of a modulator, message signal is translated
into radio frequency range.
The power of modulated wave is radiated into space from
an antenna.
At the receiving end, another antenna picks up the
waves from different transmitting stations. A tunable
amplifier can selectively tune in and boost up the radio
frequency wave from a particular station. The original
signal is recovered by using a demodulator. After being
amplified, electrical signal is converted into sound signal
by using a loudspeaker.
 This Electrical Signal may be of two types:-

1. Analog Signal: A signal in which

current/voltage varies continuously with
time.
 Digital Signal: A signal, in which
current/voltage can take only two discrete
values, is called digital signal.

0 Low values
1 High values
 Band width of Signal
It is the difference between the highest and lowest
frequencies present in the signal.
For example,
Speech Signal Telephonic Transmission Contains:-
LF = 300 Hz
HF = 3100 Hz
Therefore, B.W = (3100-300) Hz
= 2800 Hz
 Audio Signal contains:-
LF = 20 Hz
HF = 20 KHz
Therefore, B.W = 20 KHz for good Music
Transmission
Video Signal requires,
Therefore, B.W = 4.2MHz

T.V Signal which contains both voice and

picture,
So, B.W = 6 MHz
 Guided & Unguided media
GUIDED MEDIA: It is that medium which is
used in point to point communication
between a single transmitter and receiver.
E.g twisted pair,co-axial cable, optical fibres.

UNGUIDED MEDIA:It is that medium which is

used, where there is no point to point contact
between the transmitter & receiver. There are
large no. of receiver corresponding to a single
transmitter. E.g free space
 Space communication
Meaning : communication through free space.
Various modes of space communication can
be understood by the following example:
Consider two persons A and B in a closed room.
The persons A has a ball which he wants to pass
to persons B.
HERE A =TRANSMITTER
B=RECEIVER
BALL=MESSAGE/INFORMATION.
The ball can be sent by A to B in three ways
1) By rolling the ball along the ground(i.e
ground/surface wave propagation.)
2) By throwing the ball directly in st. line. (i.e
space wave/tropospheric wave
propagation/LOS propagation.)
3) By throwing the ball towards the roof, from
where it is then reflected towards person B
(Sky wave propagation/ionospheric
propagation)
 PROPAGATION OF E.M WAVES
1) GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION
2) SPACE WAVE PROPAGATION
3) SKY WAVE PROPAGATION
GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION: A radiowave
that can travel directly from one point to
another following the surface of the earth is
called a ground wave. Ground wave
propagation is possible only when the
transmitting &receiving antenna are very
close to the surface of the earth.
 Space wave propagation
The T.V frequencies lie in the range 100-220
MHz. In this transmission, the reception is
possible only if the receiving antenna directly
intercepts the signal. If a radiowave
transmitted from antenna directly reaches(in a
st. line) the receiving antenna.
The range of space wave propagation is
limited by a)line of sight distance(distance
at which the transmitting & receiving antenna
can see each other).
b)The curvature of earth
 As the ground wave glides over the earths surface, it
induces current in the ground over which it passes & it is
attenuated as result of absorption of energy by the earth
The energy loss of a ground wave increases very
rapidly with increase in frequency.
Hence ground wave propagation is possible at
low frequency(500kHz to 1500kHz) or for radio
broadcast at long wavelength(greater than
200m).
The max. range of ground wave propagation
depends upon two factors:
a) freq. of transmitted wave
b)Power of transmitter
 RANGE OF TRANSMITTING ANTENNA
et T.V. signals be transmitted from an antenna of
height PQ=h.Due to curvature of earth,no direct
ignals are possible beyond the pointsT OR S .

S T
 Let PS=PT=d
O=CENTRE OF EARTH
Q

P
S O T
O
 R=Radius of earth
From rt. Angled triangle OTQ
2 2 2

[R+h]= R + d

2 2 2 2

R+ h + 2hR= R + d

1/2

d= (2hR) h<<R
 SKY WAVE PROPAGATION
A radiowave directed towards the sky and
reflected by the ionosphere towards the desired
location of the earth is called sky wave.
Radiowave of frequencies between 2MHz to
20MHz can be reflected by the ionosphere.
1/2

Critical freq.=9(N max)

Nmax=max. electron of the ionosphere
 MODULATION
Modulation is a process in which some
characteristics of H.F wave as
Amplitude, frequency or phase is
allowed to vary in accordance with
the modulating signal.
 Need of Modulation
Antenna Length
Wave Length of Modulating Signal
3x108 m/sec
=
20 KHz

= 15 Km

For the effective transmission of Modulating signal, the

Length of antenna should be of 15 Km or at least /4 =
15/4 Km, so antenna of such length cant be
constructed. =
 ii) Power Radiated by Antenna:-
Since power propagated into space by an
EM wave is given by Poynting Vector

P=E x H

Since E & H are proportional to frequency and so inversely

proportional to the wavelength ,

Therefore, P 1/ 2
So, Higher the wave length, lower is power radiation.
Modulating signal has higher wavelength, so power
radiation by antenna is less.
iii). Narrow Banding:-
when audio signal (20 Hz 20 KHz) is transmitted
directly, then ratio of highest to lowest frequency = 20
KHz / 20 Hz = 1000
If carrier of 100 KHz is used then Ratio of Highest
to Lowest Frequency

100 KHz + 20 KHz

= = 1.2

100 KHz + 20 Hz

Hence by using modulation, wide band signal is

converted into a narrow band signal.
 Amplitude Modulation
Let Modulating voltage & Carrier voltage are
represented as
em = Em cosmt , ec = Ec cosct, c>>m
A.M wave is represented as
e = (Ec + Em cosmt )x cosct
=Ec cosct + Em cosmt cosct
= Ec cosct + 2Em / 2[ cosmt cosct]
= Ec cosct + ma Ec cos(c +m)t + ma Ec cos(c - m)t
2 2

* Where ma =Em/Ec is Modulation Index

 Frequency Spectrum of A.M wave

A.M wave has two side bands

Therefore, B.W = (c + m)- (c - m) = 2 m
Wave- form of A.M wave
 Modulation Index
Em
Modulation Index, ma =
Ec

Emax - Emin
ma = x 100
Emax + Emin

Importance of Modulation Index

When ma = 0, No Carrier is Modulated
When ma = or 50% i.e Carrier is Modulated equal to of its
amplitude.
When ma = 1 or 100% i.e. Carrier is Modulated equal to its total
amplitude.
When ma >1 it is over modulated
 Energy distribution among the three components of
A.M. wave
Energy distribution among the three components of A.M. wave

Ec2 ma2 Ec2 ma2 Ec2

Pav = + +
2R 8R 8R

Ec2 ma2
= (1+ )
2R 2

Therefore,
ma2/2
Pside band = for ma = 1
Pav 1+ ma2/2

= 1/3
That is only one-third of the total power of
modulated wave is content in the two side
bands. The rest two-third power resides in
carrier component which is of no use. If in
the modulated wave carrier be suppressed
then modulator would draw less power
from supply source and the process of
modulation will be quite economical.
A systematic arrangement for Transmitting
A.M wave
Circuit of A.M wave
 Exaplation
The modulating signal=Em COSw t is applied
on base.Thus biasing voltage is not constant but
sum of const. voltage & modulating voltage.
As the base biasing changes, amplification also
change.
The output volage is a carrier signal varing in
amplitude in acc. with biasing modulating
voltage.
Demodulation : Recovery of audio signal from
modulated wave, is called demodulation.
 EXPLATION
By adjusting the freq., desired modulated radio
signal is resonantly selected from different
signals picked by antenna.
Diode rectifies this signal.
To recover the audio signal, the rectified output
is fed to ll comb.of low valued capacitor c and a
resistor RL
Xc=1/2fc, so c acts as a by pass for high freq.,
while low freq. audio wave appears across RL.