Chapter 23

Electronic Communications Sytems , Fifth Editon

By: Wayne Tomasi

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 CHARACTER ORIENTED PROTOCOLS
Interpret a frame of data as a group of successive
bits combined into predefined patterns of fixed
length bits each representing a unique character
Data frames for these protocols include control
characters that convey important information
pertaining to DLCP functions
Also called BYTE ORIENTED Protocols
Examples: X-Modem, Y-Modem, Z-Modem,
BLAST, IBM 83B, IBM BSC
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 BIT-ORIENTED PROTOCOLS
A discipline for serial bit-by-bit information
transfer over a data communications channel
Information is transferred as a series of successive
bits that may be interpreted individually on a bit-
by-bit basis or in groups of several bits as opposed
to a fixed length group of bits
Examples: SDLC, HDLC

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 ASYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS
Simple, character oriented protocols generally
used on two-point networks using asynchronous
data and asynchronous modems
Examples: X-MODEM, Y-MODEM, IBM 83B
SYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS
Protocols used on point to multi-point networks
using synchronous data and synchronous
modems
Examples: IBM BSC, SDLC, HDLC
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 XMODEM
Developed by Ward Christiansen in 1979
The first file transfer protocol (FTP) designed as
an asynchronous, character-oriented protocol to
facilitate transferring data between two personal
computers
Specifies a half-duplex stop-and-wait protocol
using a data frame comprised of four fields

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 XMODEM PROCEDURAL SEQUENCE
Destination station sends a negative acknowledgement (NAK) to
the source station
The source sends the first data frame and waits for an
acknowledgement
The destination receives and evaluates the data frame from the
source. It responds with an ACK if there is no error or a NAK if an
error is detected
If the source receives an ACK it sends the next frame. If it receives
a NAK it retransmits the previous frame. If it does not receive an
ACK or a NAK after a predetermined length of time, it times out
and retransmits the previous frame
A single cancel (CAN) character may be used to abort an ongoing
transmission
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 XMODEM FRAME FORMAT
S 8 8 8 8 C
Bit Bit Bit Bit
O s s s s R
H C
Start of Error
Heading Detection
Header Field Data Field (8 bits)
(Sequence Number with 128 bytes
Complementary Fixed length
Redundancy)

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 YMODEM
Similar to XMODEM except for the following:
1. The information field has a capacity of 1024 bytes.
2. Two CAN characters are required to abort a
transmission.
3. ITU-T-CRC 16 is used to calculate the frame check
sequence.
4. Multiple frames can be sent in succession and then
acknowledged with a single ACK or NAK characters
(Sliding window flow control)

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 BINARY SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION
(BSC)
A synchronous character-oriented data-link protocol
developed by IBM
Also called bisync or bisynchronous communication
Each data transmission is preceded by a unique
synchronization character sent twice

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 BSC FRAME FORMAT
S S Poll
Y Y Message Selection
Message
N N Acknowledgement

Bisync Field ASCII : 16H (00010110)

Synchronization Characters
Transmitted in Pairs EBCDIC : 32H (00110010)

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 GENERAL POLLING SEQUENCE

P S S E P S S S S E P
A Y Y O A Y Y P P N A
D N N T D N N A A Q D

PAD. Pad SYN. Synchronization Character

Leading Pad (55H or AAH) SPA. Station Polling Address
Trailing Pad (FFH) . General Poll
EOT. End of Transmission
ENQ. Inquiry (Line Turnaround)

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 SPECIFIC POLLING SEQUENCE

P S S E P S S S S E P
A Y Y O A Y Y P P D D N A
D N N T D N N A A A A Q D

PAD. Pad SYN. Synchronization Character

Leading Pad (55H or AAH) SPA. Station Polling Address
Trailing Pad (FFH) DA. Device Address
EOT. End of Transmission
ENQ. Inquiry (Line Turnaround)

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 POLLING SEQUENCE NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

P S S E P
A Y Y O A
D N N T D

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
EOT. End of Transmission
SYN. Synchronization Character

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 SELECTION SEQUENCE

P S S E P S S S S E P
A Y Y O A Y Y S S D D N A
D N N T D N N A A A A Q D

PAD. Pad SYN. Synchronization Character

Leading Pad (55H or AAH) SSA. Station Selection Address
Trailing Pad (FFH) DA. Device Address
EOT. End of Transmission
ENQ. Inquiry (Line Turnaround)

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 SELECTION SEQUENCE POSITIVE ACK

P S S D P
A Y Y L 0 A
D N N E D

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
SYN. Synchronization Character
DLE. Data Link Escape

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 SELECTION SEQUENCE NAK (RVI. Reverse
Interrupt)

P S S D P
A Y Y L 6 A
D N N E D

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
SYN. Synchronization Character
DLE. Data Link Escape

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 MESSAGE SEQUENCE
P S S S S E B P
A Y Y O Heading T Message T C A
D N N H X X C D

PAD. Pad ETX. End of Text

Leading Pad (55H or AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
SYN. Synchronization Character
SOH. Start of Heading
STX. Start of Text
ETB. End of Text Block
May be used in place of ETX
BCC. Block Check Character
LRC for ASCII
CRC-16 for EBCDIC

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 MESSAGE SEQUENCE POSITIVE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
P S S D P
A Y Y L 0 A FOR EVEN-
NUMBERED BLOCKS
D N N E D

P S S D P
A Y Y L 1 A FOR ODD-
NUMBERED BLOCKS
D N N E D

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 MESSAGE SEQUENCE NEGATIVE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
P S S N P
A Y Y A A
D N N K D

PAD. Pad
Leading Pad (55H or AAH)
Trailing Pad (FFH)
SYN. Synchronization Character
NAK. Negative
Acknowledgement

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 A process that disables the BSC controllers
capability to identify data link control characters
Used for communication with devices that use
non-ASCII and non-EBCDIC codes such as those
in microprocessor controlled security alarm
systems or environmental monitoring systems
Transparent mode is activated when the STX
character is preceded by a DLE

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1. DLE ETB. Used to terminate all blocks of data
except the final block
2. DLE ITB. Used to terminate blocks of
transparent text other than the final block when
ITB (end of intermittent block) is used for block-
terminating character
3. DLE SYN. With bisync, two SYN characters are
inserted in the text in messages lasting more
than one second to ensure that the receive
controller maintains character synchronization

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Character Hex Use
ACK0 / ACK1 1070 Indicates that text was received without errors. Also is a positive response
(Alternating positive 1061 (acknowledgement) to an ENQ (bid) on a point-to-point line. In 3780 Bisynchronous
acknowledgements) Communications, this positive acknowledgement alternates between 1070 (even)
and 1061(odd).
DISC (Disconnect) 1037 Indicates a mandatory disconnect on a switched line connection. The station
sending this message will disconnect without having to receive confirmation from
the receiving station.
DLE (Data Link 10 Changes the meaning of the control character immediately following the DLE. For
Escape) example, the sequence DLE EOT indicates that both stations on a switched
connection should disconnect from the line.
ENQ (Enquiry) 2D Has the following uses:
-- Initiates (bids for) control of transmission on a point-to-point connection
-- Indicates the end of a polling or address sequence on a multi-point connection
-- Indicates a request for a station to repeat its response (received from target
station)
-- Indicates that a block of text should be ignored (if the blocks ends with a ENQ)
-- Indicates the end of an identification sequence on a switched connection
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EOT (End Of 37 Indicates the end of a transmission for the sending system. This is also sent when
Transmission) the sending system exhausts its retry limit of sending an ENQ to a remote system
without a response.
ETB (End Of Text 26 Indicates the end of a block of data, but not the last block transmitted (more data
Block) will be coming from the station that transmits this).
ETX (End Of Text) 03 Indicates the end of a message if ETBs are used (text is transmitted in blocks).
Also can indicate the end of the last block of text transmitted (completed text
transmission)
ITB (Intermediate Text 1F Divides a block of text into smaller groups of text (Intermediate Text Blocks) for
Block) error checking.
NAK 3D Indicates a Not Ready condition (most common), or indicates that an error
occurred. Also is sent as a negative response to a line bid or switched line security
identification.
Pad (Leading Pad 55 or At least 2 leading pad characters are transmitted to synchronize the clocks at the
Character) AA transmitting and receiving stations.
Pad (Trailing Pad FF A trailing pad character ensures that all bits of the last character of a message are
Character) transmitted.

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RVI (Reverse 107C Transmitted by the receiving station rather than an ACK to indicate a positive
Interrupt) acknowledgement and to request that the transmitting station stop transmitting
so that the receiving station can transmit. (some people may refer to this as a
"turnaround request")
SOH (Start Of Header) 01 Indicates the start of heading information.
STX (Start Of Text) 02 Indicates the start of text.
SYN (Sync) 32 Establishes and maintains character synchronization.
TTD (Temporary Text 022D Indicates to the receiving station that the transmitting station is temporarily not
Delay) ready to transmit. (station that transmits this is having an issue)
WACK (Wait Before 106B Transmitted by the receiving station to indicate to the transmitting station a
Transmitting) positive acknowledgement and a temporary not-ready-to-receive condition (this is
usually recovered by the application at which point the transmission continues).

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(END)