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Chapter 1
Transformer Design
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Transformer
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low
current A.C. into low voltage high current A.C. and
vice-versa without changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other.
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Principle of operation
It is based on
principle of MUTUAL
INDUCTION.
According to which
an e.m.f. is induced
in a coil when
current in the
neighbouring coil
changes.
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Working of a transformer
1. When current in the primary coil changes being alternating in
nature, a changing magnetic field is produced
2. This changing magnetic field gets associated with the secondary
through the soft iron core
3. Hence magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil changes.
4. Which induces e.m.f. in the secondary.
Laminated soft
iron core
Output voltage (a.c.)
Input voltage ( (a.c.)
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Types of Transformers: Core
Materials
The composition of a transformer core depends on such
factors as voltage, current, and frequency.
Size limitations and construction costs are also factors to be
considered.
Commonly used core materials are:
Air: the coils of wire are wound on a cylindrical or rectangular
cardboard form. The transformer is called Air Core Transformer.
Generally, air-core transformers are used when the voltage source
has a high frequency (above 20 kHz)
Iron: soft iron, and steel.
The iron-core transformer provides better ower
transfer than does the air-core transformer. 8
CORE CHARACTERISTICS
In most transformers, the core is made out of transformer sheet steel
laminations assembled to provide a continuous magnetic path with
minimum of air-gap included.
A transformer whose core is constructed of laminated sheets of steel
dissipates heat readily, providing efficient transfer of power.
These steel laminations are insulated with a nonconducting material,
such as varnish, and then formed into a core.
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Types of Transformers: Core Design
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Constructional detail: Shell type
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Constructional detail : Core type
Windings are wrapped around two sides of a laminated square core.
Also called HOLLOW-CORE, so named because the core is shaped
with a hollow square through the center.
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Sectional view of transformers
Note:
High voltage conductors are smaller cross section conductors than the
low voltage coils
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Construction of transformer from
stampings
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Core type
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Cut view of transformer
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Transformer with conservator and breather
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TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
As stated above, the transformer consists of two coils called
WINDINGS which are wrapped around a core. The transformer
operates when a source of ac voltage is connected to one of the
windings and a load device is connected to the other. The winding
that is connected to the source is called the PRIMARY
WINDING. The winding that is connected to the load is called the
SECONDARY WINDING. (Note: In this chapter the terms
"primary winding" and "primary" are used interchangeably; the
term: "secondary winding" and "secondary" are also used
interchangeably.)
Figure 5 shows an exploded view of a shell-type transformer. The
primary is wound in layers directly on a rectangular cardboard
form.
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Questions
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