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Line Coding
Digital signal
Discrete,discontinuous voltage pulses
Each pulse is a signal element
Modulation rate
Rateat which the signal level changes
Measured in baud = signal elements per second
Signal Spectrum
Lack of high frequencies reduces required bandwidth
Lack of dc component allows ac coupling via
transformer, providing isolation
Concentrate power in the middle of the bandwidth
Clocking
Synchronizing transmitter and receiver
External
clock
Sync mechanism based on signal
BEIT, 4th Semester 6
Requirements of Encoding Schemes
Error detection
Can be built in to signal encoding
Signal interference and noise immunity
Transparency to 1s and 0s.
Some codes are better than others
Cons
dccomponent
Lack of synchronization capability
ON-OFF(RZ)
POLAR (RZ)
BIPOLAR (RZ)
Tb
BEIT, 4th Semester 15
PSD of Polar Signaling
For polar coding let p(t) be a rectangular pulse
of width Tb/2.
p(t) T /2. b
Then, p (t ) rect (
t 2t
) rect ( )
Tb / 2 Tb
Therefore, T T T
P( )
b
b b
sin c( )
2 4
PSD of polar signaling is,
| P( ) | 2 | P( ) | 2 Tb 2 Tb
S y ( ) R0 sin c ( )
Tb Tb 4 4
1 1 0 0 1 0
| P ( ) | 1
2
[ 2 R1 cos(Tb ) 0 ...]
Tb 2
| P ( ) |2 | P ( ) |2 2 Tb
[1 cos Tb ] sin ( )
2Tb 2Tb 2
Tb 2 Tb 2 Tb
sin c ( ) sin ( )
4 4 2
BEIT, 4th Semester 20
Properties of Bipolar (RZ) Coding
D.C. null exists
Lesser bandwidth PSD
Single error
detection possible
Twice as much
power as polar
signal
Not transparent to 0 Rb 2Rb
PSD
P()
Bipolar
Split phase
Polar
Rb 2Rb
f
= 2/Tb
Lower bandwidth
P()
1 for t = 0
1
p(t) = sinc(R bt) = P ( ) rect ( )
Rb 2Rb
0 for t = nTb
BEIT, 4th Semester 30
Pulse satisfying Nyquist Criterion
b/2 b
1
The characteristic is also x = 0
called full-cosine-roll off x = b/4
characteristic. x = b/2
0
Decays as 1/t 3
The time domain representation
p(t)
is (taking inverse Fourier Transform),
1
P ( ) (1 cos )rect ( )
2 2 Rb 4Rb
cos (
2
)rect ( )
4 Rb 4Rb -
-Tb 33 Tb t
BEIT, 4th Semester 2Tb 2Tb
[Ref. B.P.Lathi, Ch. 7]
Problems
1) A baseband signal of frequency 5kHz.is applied to a
product modulator together with a carrier wave of
1MHz. The modulator output is next applied to a
resonant circuit tuned to 50Hz. Determine the
modulated output signal.