One-Dimensional, Steady-State

Conduction without
Thermal Energy Generation

Chapter Three
Sections 3.1 through 3.4
Methodology

Methodology of a Conduction Analysis

Specify appropriate form of the heat equation.
Solve for the temperature distribution.
Apply Fouriers law to determine the heat flux.

Simplest Case: One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction with No Thermal Energy

Generation.

Common Geometries:
The Plane Wall: Described in rectangular (x) coordinate. Area
perpendicular to direction of heat transfer is constant (independent of x).
The Tube Wall: Radial conduction through tube wall.
The Spherical Shell: Radial conduction through shell wall.
Plane Wall
The Plane Wall
Consider a plane wall between two fluids of different temperature:

Heat Equation:
d dT
k 0 (3.1)
dx dx

Implications:
Heat flux qx is independent of x.
Heat rate qx is independent of x.
Boundary Conditions: T 0 Ts,1, T L Ts,2

Temperature Distribution for Constant k :

T x Ts ,1 Ts ,2 Ts ,1
x
(3.3)
L
Plane Wall (cont.)

Heat Flux and Heat Rate:

Ts ,1 Ts ,2
dT k
qx k (3.5)
dx L
Ts ,1 Ts ,2
dT kA
qx kA (3.4)
dx L
T
Thermal Resistances Rt and Thermal Circuits:
q
L
Conduction in a plane wall: Rt ,cond (3.6)
kA
1
Convection: Rt ,conv (3.9)
hA
Thermal circuit for plane wall with adjoining fluids:

1 L 1
Rtot (3.12)
h1 A kA h 2 A
T,1 T,2
qx (3.11)
Rtot
Plane Wall (cont.)

Thermal Resistance for Unit Surface Area:

L 1
Rt,cond Rt,conv
k h
Units: Rt K/W Rt m 2 K/W
Radiation Resistance:
1 1
Rt ,rad Rt,rad
hr A hr

hr Ts Tsur Ts2 Tsur
2
(1.9)

Contact Resistance:

TA TB Rt,c
Rt,c Rt ,c
qx Ac

Values depend on: Materials A and B, surface finishes, interstitial conditions, and
contact pressure (Tables 3.1 and 3.2)
Plane Wall (cont.) Composite Wall with Negligible
Contact Resistance:

T,1 T,4
qx (3.14)
Rt

For the temperature distribution

shown, kA > kB < kC.

1 1 LA LB LC 1 Rtot
Rt Rtot
A h1 k A k B kC h4 A
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) :
A modified form of Newtons law of cooling to encompass multiple resistances
to heat transfer.
qx UAToverall (3.17)

1
Rtot (3.19)
UA
Plane Wall (cont.)

Series Parallel Composite Wall:

Note departure from one-dimensional conditions for kF kG .

Circuits based on assumption of isothermal surfaces normal to x direction or

adiabatic surfaces parallel to x direction provide approximations for qx .
Porous Media

Porous Media
Saturated media
consist of a solid
phase and a single
fluid phase.

Unsaturated media
consist of solid, liquid,
and gas phases.

The effective thermal conductivity of a saturated medium depends on the solid (s)
material, its porosity , its morphology, as well as the interstitial fluid (f) (Fig.a).
keff A
qx T1 T2 (3.21)
L
The value of keff may be bracketed by describing the medium with a series
resistance analysis (Fig. b) and a parallel resistance analysis (Fig.c).
The value of keff may be estimated by k f 2ks 2 (ks k f )
keff ks
k f 2ks (ks k f )
(3.25)

0.25
Tube Wall
The Tube Wall

Heat Equation:
1 d dT
kr 0 (3.28)
r dr dr
What does the form of the heat equation tell us about the variation of qr with
r in the wall?
Is the foregoing conclusion consistent with the energy conservation requirement?
How does qr vary with r ?
Temperature Distribution for Constant k :
Ts ,1 Ts ,2 r
T r ln Ts ,2 (3.31)
ln r1 / r2 r2
Tube Wall (cont.)

Heat Flux and Heat Rate:

qr k
dT

k
dr r ln r2 / r1
Ts,1 Ts,2 [W/m2]

2 k
qr 2 rqr
ln r2 / r1
Ts ,1 Ts ,2 [W/m]

2 Lk
qr 2 rLqr
ln r2 / r1
Ts,1 Ts,2 [W] (3.32)

Conduction Resistance:
ln r2 / r1
Rt ,cond [K/W] (3.33)
2 Lk
ln r2 / r1
Rt,cond [m K/W]
2 k

Why doesnt a surface area appear in the expressions for the thermal
resistance?
Tube Wall (cont.)

Composite Wall with

Negligible Contact
Resistance

T,1 T,4
qr
Rtot

UA T,1 T,4 (3.35)

Note that
For the temperature distribution
1
UA Rtot shown, kA > kB > kC.

is a constant independent of radius,

but U itself is tied to specification of an interface.
1
Ui Ai Rtot (3.37)
Spherical Shell
Spherical Shell

Heat Equation
1 d 2 dT
2 dr
r 0
r dr
What does the form of the heat equation tell us about the variation of
qr with r ? Is this result consistent with conservation of energy?

How does qr vary with r ?

Temperature Distribution for Constant k :

T r Ts,1 Ts,1 Ts,2

1 r1/ r

1 r1 / r 2
Spherical Shell (cont.)

Heat flux, Heat Rate and Thermal Resistance:

dT
qr k 2
k
dr r 1/ r1 1/ r2
Ts ,1 Ts ,2

4 k
qr 4 r 2qr T T
1/ r1 1/ r2 s,1 s,2
(3.40)

Rt ,cond
1/ r1 1/ r2 (3.41)
4 k

Composite Shell:
Toverall
qr UAToverall
Rtot

UA Rtot 1 Constant

1
Ui Ai Rtot Depends on Ai
Problem: Thermal Barrier Coating

Problem 3.30: Assessment of thermal barrier coating (TBC) for protection

of turbine blades. Determine maximum blade temperature
with and without TBC.

Schematic:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, steady-state conduction in a composite plane wall,

(2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible radiation.
Problem: Thermal Barrier Coating (cont..)

ANALYSIS: For a unit area, the total thermal resistance with the TBC is

,w = ho-1 + L k + Rt,c
Rtot + L k + hi-1
Zr In

,w = 10-3 3.85 10-4 10-4 2 10-4 2 10-3 m 2 K W = 3.6910-3 m 2 K W
Rtot

With a heat flux of

T ,o - T ,i 1300 K
=
qw = 3.52 105 W m 2
,w
Rtot 3.69 103 m 2 K W

the inner and outer surface temperatures of the Inconel are

3.52 105 W m2
Ts,i(w) = T,i + qw hi 400 K
1104 K
500 W m2 K / W

Ts,o(w) = T ,i + 1 hi + L k In qw
400 K 2 103 2 104 m2 K W 3.52 105 W m2 1174 K <
Problem: Thermal Barrier Coating (cont..)

Without the TBC,

3
,wo = ho + L k In + hi 3.20 10 K

Rtot
-1 -1
m
2
W

T ,o T ,i
qwo
Rtot,wo 4.06105 W/m2

The inner and outer surface temperatures of the Inconel are then

Ts,i(wo) T,i qwo

hi 1212 K

Ts,o (wo) T ,i 1 hi L
k In qwo
1293 K <

Use of the TBC facilitates operation of the Inconel below Tmax = 1250 K.

COMMENTS: Since the durability of the TBC decreases with increasing

temperature, which increases with increasing thickness, limits to its thickness are
associated with reliability considerations.
Problem: Radioactive Waste Decay

Problem 3.72: Suitability of a composite spherical shell for storing

radioactive wastes in oceanic waters.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction, (2) Steady-state conditions,

(3) Constant properties at 300K, (4) Negligible contact resistance.

PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Lead: k = 35.3 W/mK, MP = 601 K; St.St.: k = 15.1 W/mK.

ANALYSIS: From the thermal circuit, it follows that

T -T 4
q = 1 q r13
Rtot 3
Problem: Radioactive Waste Decay (cont..)

The thermal resistances are:

1 1
RPb 1/ 4 35.3 W/m K 0.00150 K/W
0.25m 0.30m
1 1
RSt.St. 1/ 4 15.1 W/m K 0.000567 K/W
0.30m 0.31m

Rconv 1/ 4 0.312 m2 500 W/m2 K 0.00166 K/W

Rtot 0.00372 K/W

The heat rate is then

q = 5 105 W/m3 4 / 3 0.25m 32, 725 W
3

and the inner surface temperature is

T1 T Rtot q 283 K 0.00372 K/W 32,725 W

405 K MP 601 K <

Hence, from the thermal standpoint, the proposal is adequate.

COMMENTS: In fabrication, attention should be given to maintaining a good

thermal contact. A protective outer coating should be applied to prevent long
term corrosion of the stainless steel.