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CAD SOFTWARE

The CAD (graphics )software is the collection of


programs written to make it convenient for a user to
operate the computer graphics system.
It includes:-
generate images on the CRT screen
to Manipulate the images
to accomplish various types of interaction between the
user & system
Additional programs for implementing certain specialized
fictions related to CAD/CAM
(Design analysis programs, Process planning, NC part programming,
Manufacturing planning programs)
Functions of Graphics software
according to a conceptual model suggested by Foley and
Van Dam:
1. The graphics package
2. The application program
3. The application data base
It is the software support between the user and the graphics
terminal
It manages the graphical interaction between the user and the
system
It also serves as the interface between the user and the
application software.
The graphics package consists of input subroutines and
output subroutines.
The input routines :accept input commands and data from
the user and forward them to the application program.
The output subroutines: control the display terminal and
convert the application models into two-dimensional or
three-dimensional graphical pictures.
To fulfil its role in the software configuration, the
graphics package must perform a variety of different
functions.
These functions can be grouped into function sets. Each
set accomplishes a certain kind of interaction between
the user and the system.

Some of the common function sets are:


Generation of graphic
Elements Transformations Display
Control and windowing functions
Segmenting functions
User input functions
The central module is the application program.
It controls the storage of data into and retrieves data out
of the application data base.
The application program is implemented by the user to
construct the model of a physical entity whose image 'is to be
viewed on the graphics-screen
Application programs are written for particular problem
areas. Problem areas in engineering design would include
architecture, construction, mechanical components,
electronics, chemical engineering, and aerospace
engineering.
The data base contains mathematical, numerical, and logical
definitions of the application models, such as electronic
circuits, mechanical components, automobile bodies, and so
forth.
It also includes alphanumeric information associated with the
models, such as bills of materials, mass properties, and other
data.
The contents of the data base can be readily displayed on the
CRT or plotted out in hard-copy form.
portability of the geometric model among
different hardware platforms has led to the
development of device independent graphics

for exchange of drawing data base among


software packages to facilitate integration of
design and manufacturing operations
The need for exchanging modeling data is to integrate and
automate the design and mfg. processes to obtain max.
benefits from CAD/CAM.
The component database can be used in downstream
applications like FEA, Process planning, Robot
programming, MRP, C. N. C. programming.
Data exchange files are neutral files.

types of neutral files:


DXF (Data Exchange File)
IGES file (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification )
STL
DXF (Data Exchange File)
DXF files are std. ASCII text files, which can be easily translated to the formats of
other CAD systems
The DXF facility is available in several drafting packages.
In case of Auto CAD , a drawing interchange file (DXF) can be generated from the
existing drawing by means of DXFOUT command.

On the other hand a drawing interchange file can be converted into Auto CAD
drawing by means of DXFIN command

The general structure of DXF file is as follows:

HEADER Section : general information of drawing


TABLE Section :
Linetype (LTYPE) table
Layer table
Text style (STYLE) table
User coordinate system (UCS) table
View port configuration file (VPORT) table
BLOCKS Section
ENTITIES Section
END OF FILE
It is standard exchange format developed for communicating
product data among dissimilar CAD/CAM systems.
It has been used for two purposes:
Transfer of data within dissimilar systems
Digital communication between company and its suppliers, customers
i.e. IGES enable data transfer from one CAD system to another
The software which translates data from CAD system to
IGES is known as preprocessor
The software which translates data from IGES data to a
CAD system is known as postprocessor
An organized collection of graphical and non-graphical data stored on
secondary storage in the computer.
Data structure is
defined as a Set of data
items(point, line, curve,
blocksetc)
Data definition
Defining & modifying the record stricture, type & size of field and constraints
to be satisfied
DATA MANIPULATION :-Insertion and deletion of records
Data security & Integrity
Data Recovery & Concurrency
performance
Represented by a tree structure.
Having parent, child relation
Have one to one, one to many
relation between entities.
The parent node is called ROOT

Simple and straight forward


method of implementing
record relationship

limitations of hierarchical databases


A child record cannot be added
Deletion of operation lead to loss of much data
A parent record cant deleted if a child exists
Updating of database is difficult
A parent can have several children
and a child can also have several
parents records
Records are physically linked
through linked lists.
Represents one -to one, one
to-many, many-to-many
relationship between entities.

Searching of record is easy


(multiple paths are available).

LIMITATIONS
All records are maintained using pointers, hence whole data base
becomes very complex
Insertion, deletion, and updating operations would requires
pointer adjustments
Or User Coordinate System

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