CHAPTER 1

Prepared by :
PN ZURAINI BINTI GANI
JKM
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT
Understand standard symbols for electrical components
Identify common symbols in electrical circuit diagrams.
Understand electric current and quantity of electricity
State the definition of electric current as the rate of
movement of charge and is measured in ampere
State the unit of charge as coulomb
Determine charge or quantity of electricity Q from Q=It
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT
Understand potential difference
Explain that for current to flow in a circuit, potential
difference is required between two points
State the unit of potential difference as volt
Describe that resistance oppose current flow and is
measured in ohms
Understand resistance and resistivity
State that electrical resistance depends on four factors
State that resistance R=l/A where is the resistivity
Solve problems involving resistance and resistivity
Standard Symbol for Electrical Components
ground/earth
conductor /wire switch

Cell (dc supply) Battery (dc supply) AC supply

resistor inductor capacitor

V A
G

voltmeter ammeter
galvanometer
ELECTRIC CURRENT, I
Current: - motion of charge
- depends on the rate of flow of charge
- electric fluid
- unit of current is ampere (A)
Equation: dq = changing of charge
I = dt = changing of time
I = current (ampere)
For steady state condition: Q = charge (coulomb)
I = , thus Q = It t = time (second)
 What is an electric current?
An electric current is a flow of microscopic particles
called electrons flowing through wires and
components.

+
-

In which direction does the current flow?

from the Negative terminal to the Positive terminal of a
cell.
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, V
Potential difference:
- separation of charge
- for battery or other electrical source is
recognized as electromotive force (e.m.f)
- other name is voltage
- for current to flow between two points
potential difference is required
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, V
How potential different influence the flow of current?
Let we see this example.

Current
10V R= 4 2V
B
A+ 8V -

Node A = 10V
Node B = 2V
Potential Voltage(P.V.) = 10 2 = 8V
Current, I = = = 2A
RESISTANCE & RESISTIVITY
Resistance property of a component which restricts
the flow of electric current.
The value of resistance depends upon 4 factors:
1. Length, l
2. Cross-sectional area, A
3. resistivity,
4. temparature
Resistance & resistivity

RESISTOR (R)

A device that is manufactured to have specific

resistance.
Used to limit current flow and reduce voltage applied
to other components.
Basic unit is ohm ()
QI : Find the resistivity of conductor if the resistance value
is 25 and area of conductor is 1.7 mm2. Given the length
of conductor is 1520 mm.
Ans: 0.028 m.m

Q2 : Find the resistance of aluminum wire if the resistivity

value is 0.025 .m and diameter of wire is 10 mm. Given
the length of aluminum wire is 1.5 km.

Ans: 0.477

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 Electrical Circuits
Electrical circuits is classified into two types which are:
1. Complete circuit
2. Incomplete circuit;
a. Open circuits
b. Short circuits

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Types of Electrical Circuits : Incomplete Circuit
a. Open Circuit
An open circuit is caused intentionally when a user
opens a switch or unintentionally when vibration or
mechanical damage severs a wire.

(Open circuit diagram)

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Types of Electrical Circuits :
Complete Circuit
b. Closed Circuit
Closing a switch creates a closed loop for the electrons to flow
through. This is sometimes referred to as "completing the circuit."

(Closed Circuit Diagram)

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Ohms Law
Law: current of a circuit is directly proportional to the
applied voltage and inversely proportional to circuit
resistance.

I V, I 1/R V=IR

Where; V = Voltage
I = Current
R = Resistance

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Electric Power
The rate at which electric energy is converted to other forms of
energy, equal to the product of the current and the voltage drop.
Symbol : P Unit : Watts (W)

P = I .V where; P = power in watts

I = current in amperes
V = potential difference in volts

Joule's law can be combined with Ohm's law to produce two more
equations; P = I2R , P = V2/R

where; R = resistance in ohms

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Electrical Energy
Electric energy is defined as potential to do work.
Symbol : E (or W) Unit : Joules (J)

E=QV

Energy to a resistor of resistance R can be combined with Joule's law and Ohm's law to
produce two more equations:

E = Pt, E = VIt , E = I2 Rt , E = (V2t) /R

Where; E = electrical energy

V = volt (V)
I = current (A)
R = resistor ()
t = time (s)
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SERIES CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
1. Resistances are additive
RT = R1 + R2 + R3

2. The current flows throughout the circuit is same.

I = IR1 = IR2 = IR3

3. Different resistors have their individual voltage drop

VR1 VR2 VR3

4. Total e.m.f equals to the sum of voltage drops across each

resistor
E = VR1 + VR2 + VR3
 TYPES OF CIRCUIT
There are two types of electrical circuits;

SERIES CIRCUITS PARALLEL CIRCUITS

SERIES CIRCUIT
Is formed when any number of devices are connected
end-to-end so that there is only one path for current to
flow.
SERIES CIRCUITS

The components are connected end-to-end, one

after the other.
They make a simple loop for the current to flow
round.
If one bulb blows it breaks the whole circuit and
all the bulbs go out.
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN SERIES

RT = R1 + R2 + R3
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN SERIES
(RESISTORS IN SAME VALUE)

RT = n x r r = resistance value
n = amount of resistors
VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE

VR1 = x E
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Is formed when two or more devices are arranged in a
circuit side by side so that current can flow through
more than one path
PARALLEL CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC
PARALLEL CIRCUITS

The components are connected side by side.

The current has a choice of routes.

If one bulb blows there is still be a complete circuit to
the other bulb so it stays alight.
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL

RT =
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL
(2 RESISTORS CASE)

RT =
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL
(SAME VALUE CASE)

RT= r = resistance value

n = amount of resistors
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE

IR1= x I
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE
(2 RESISTORS CASE)

IR1= x I
SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT

R1 is parallel with R2.

Ra is series to equivalent resistance of R1 and R2.
TOTAL RESISTANCE OF SERIES-
PARALLEL CIRCUIT

reference
point

RT is the equivalent resistance of Ra, R1 and R2

Start solving by calculating the total resistance of parts located
farthest away from the reference point.
Exception: if there are series connection resistors at any part of
circuit which is not farthest from the reference point, solve the total
resistance of the series connection first. Then you can use the tip
mentioned above to solve your problem.
TOTAL RESISTANCE OF SERIES-
PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Rb=
TOTAL RESISTANCE OF SERIES-
PARALLEL CIRCUIT

RT = Ra + Rb
 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10 5

3 6
8

RT
B 9

QUESTION: Calculate the total resistance, RT of the circuit above

 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10 5

3 6
8

RT
B 9 Ra

Step 1: Identify any series connection (in between) and calculate the
total resistance.

Ra = 4 + 8 = 12
 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10 5

4
Ra
12 3 6
8

RT
B 9

Step 1: Identify any series connection (in between) and calculate the
total resistance.

Ra = 4 + 8 = 12
 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10 5

Ra
12 3 6

RT
B 9 Rb

Step 2: Identify the farthest part from ref. point and calculate the total
resistance.

Rb = 5 + 6 = 11
 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10 5

Ra
12 3 Rb 6
11

RT
B 9

Step 2: Identify the farthest part from ref. point and calculate the total
resistance.

Rb = 5 + 6 = 11
 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10

Ra
12 3 Rb 11

RT
B 9 Rc

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.

Rc = = 2.36
 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10

Ra
12 3
2.36 Rb 11
Rc

RT
B 9

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.

Rc = = 2.36
 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10

Ra
12 2.36
Rc

RT
B 9 Rd

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.

Rd = 10 + 2.36= 12.36
 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10

Ra Rd
12 12.36
2.36
Rc

RT
B 9

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.

Rd = 10 + 2.36= 12.36
 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10

Ra Rd
12 12.36

RT
B 9 R
e

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.

Re = = 6.09
 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10

Rd
ReRa 6.09
12 12.36

RT
B 9

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.

Re = = 6.09
 TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10

Re 6.09

RT
B 9

Step 4: Finally, calculate the total resistance, RT of the circuit.

RT = 10 + 6.09 + 9 = 25.09
MEASURING CURRENT
Electric current is measured in amps (A) using

an ammeter connected in series in the circuit.

A
MEASURING CURRENT
This is how we draw an ammeter in a circuit.

A A

SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

MEASURING CURRENT
SERIES CIRCUIT
2A 2A
current is the same
at all points in the
2A
circuit.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT
2A 2A
current is shared
between the 1A
components
1A
copy the following circuits and fill in the
missing ammeter readings.

4A
? 3A
? 3A

1A
?
4A
?

4A 1A

1A
?
 MEASURING VOLTAGE
The electrical push which the cell gives to the current
is called the voltage. It is measured in volts (V) on a
voltmeter

V
MEASURING VOLTAGE
Different cells produce different voltages. The
bigger the voltage supplied by the cell, the bigger the
current.

Unlike an ammeter a voltmeter is connected across

the components
Scientist usually use the term Potential
Difference (pd) when they talk about voltage.
MEASURING VOLTAGE
This is how we draw a voltmeter in a circuit.

V
V
SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
MEASURING VOLTAGE

V V
V
 SERIES CIRCUIT
voltage is shared between the components

3V

1.5V 1.5V
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT
voltage is the same in all parts of the circuit.

3V

3V

3V
Kirchhoffs Laws of
Electricity
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

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Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
This law is also called Kirchhoff's junction rule or
Kirchhoff's point rule.

This law states that the sum of the currents entering any
junction of wires must equal the sum of the currents leaving
that junction.
iin = iout

i1 i2

i3
i1 i2 i3
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Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
This law is also called Kirchhoff 's loop rule. It is a
consequence of the principle of conservation of energy.

It states that the sum of the voltages (potential differences)

across all the elements around any closed-circuit loop is
equal to zero.

+ V1 -

+
VT V2
- VT V1 V2 V3 0
+ V3 -

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Kirchhoffs Law
1. Define direction of current/voltage
polarity.
(Unknown current are usually defined in
clockwise direction while known current
are defined according to the direction of
the current source)

2. Apply KVL:

V1 V2 V3 0
3. Express in voltage function:

V1 iR2 iR3 0

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Kirchhoffs Law 1. Define direction of current/voltage polarity.

2. Apply KCL: i3 i1 i2

3. Apply KVL:
Loop 1 V A V1 V3 0
Loop 2 VB V2 V3 0

4. Express in voltage function:

Loop 1 V A i1 R1 i3 R3 0
Loop 2 VB i2 R2 i3 R3 0

5. Using KCL:
Loop 1 V A i1 R1 (i1 i2 ) R3 0
Loop 2 VB i2 R2 (i1 i2 ) R3 0

6. Substituting values:
Loop 1 V A ( R1 R3 )i1 i2 R3 0
Loop 2 VB i1 R3 ( R2 R3 )i2 0

7. Solve the simultaneous equations.

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Kirchhoffs Law
Positive value shows that the assumed direction of current
is the same with the actual one.

Negative value shows that the assumed direction of

current is the opposite with the actual one.

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Q1 : Find I1 , I2 and I3 in the following circuits.

R1 = 1 R2 = 6 R3 = 2

5V 10V I2
I1

Ans: I1 = 1 A, I2 = 2 A, I3 = -1 A

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QUIZ 1 : SERIES RESISTORS
This question refers to the circuit below in which the current is
100 mA:
a. What is the current in each resistor?
b. What is the total resistance?
c. What is the battery voltage?
d. What is the voltage across each resistor?

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