Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1: Introduction to
Geophysics and Geophysical
Data Analysis
H. SAIBI
October 8, 2015
Department of Earth Resources Engineering
Program
2
What is Geophysics?
Source: SEG
Aims of geophysical
measurements
6
Required physical property
contrast for various methods
All geophysical methods depend on
physical property contrasts between the
target and the background geology.
The physical property determines the
geophysical technique.
Interpretation of geophysical results together
with geologists, hydrogeologists, civil
engineers, ...
7
Table: Geophysical methods and their main applications. 8
Number of times that the use of a specific technique is
mentioned in articles published in Near Surface Geophysics
2002-2010 9
Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)
12
High-resolution urban seismic reflection (ex:
Barcelona, Spain)
13
Planning a geophysical survey
(C)
(B)
Figures: Geophysical anomaly
plots: (A) profile, (B) map, (C)
isometric projection, (D) (D)
shaded relief.
B) Sounding: Measurements are carried
A) Profiling and mapping: Measurements are out along a profile. Several data per
carried out along a profile or in an area: location are measured
f(x) f(x,z)
f(x,y) Determination of the variation of the
Detection of lateral variation of the physical parameter as a function of 17
physical parameter at a certain depth. depth.
Seismic Image of Ancient Reef in Alberta
[400 million years old]
Selection of
station intervals
Correct choice of station
interval is necessary
21
Data
analysis
Figure: Schematic to
show the relationship
between various input
devices, through data-file
formats to the computer,
and subsequently to some
form of hardcopy device.
22
Data Analysis
Lindley (1956): if the state of nature
is known, then no experiment can be
informative
23
Geophysicists are looking to extract information
about the Earth.
Information is a quantum, bit of new knowledge
(a) The unit comb function consisting of regularly spaced unit impulses. This signal
captures the regular movement of a pathological ant. (b) A signal which captures an
unexpected movement of the ant.
conductivity
Electrical
Clay content
Porosity
(a) Unit impulse function d (t-t0); (b) impulse response h(t); (c) source
function s(t); (d) actual Earth response r(t).
Effect of sampling
DATA WINDOWS AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS