SI 7013

Bab I
Introduction

Ivindra Pane, PhD

Kantor:
Lab. Rekayasa Struktur
Teknik Sipil, FTSL
 Materi kuliah
I. Konsep dan teori fraktur
1. Konsep dasar dan teori mekanika fraktur
2. Kriteria fraktur
3. Fraktur pada sistem struktur

II. Konsep dan teori fatigue

1. Teori dasar fatigue
2. Kriteria fatigue
3. Fatigue pada struktur

III. Topik-topik lanjut

1. Aplikasi lanjut
2. Riset
 What is
Fracture Mechanics?
The classical objective of fracture mechanics is the determination of
the rate of change of the shape of an existing crack. Will it propagate
under given loading and environmental conditions, and, if it does propagate,
at what rate and into what configuration?

The corresponding analytical/computational requirement has been to obtain

A crack already exists
the fields displacement, strain, stress, and energy from which the driving
force for crack propagation might be extracted.
TheContinuum behavior governs our
corresponding experimental requirement has been to measure the
thinking changeabout the problem
resisting force against crack propagation, and to observe and measure
configuration and rate of growth.

Lecture #1 3
 What is
Fracture Mechanics?
A contemporary view:

Computational fracture mechanics (CFM) retains the classical

Start from a continuum without a crack
responsibility to compute driving forces, and is now also frequently employed
to predict a materials resistance to crack growth, and even the process of
Address origins of discontinuum behavior
crack incubation/nucleation itself. (Read Cotterell [2002])
Predict crack evolution form birth to death
Experimental fracture mechanics (EFM) retains the classical
responsibility
Fracture mechanics
to measure now
resisting forces, multidisciplinary
and is now also frequently
employed in conjunction with CFM to formulate rules for the incubation/
and multiscale
nucleation process.

Lecture #1 4
 What is
Engineering Fracture Mechanics?
Application of principles of contemporary linear and non-linear fracture
Mechanics (some of which I expect you to know already**) to the:

Formulation of approaches to R&D projects in a wide array of problems

involving material and structural behavior, and

Solution of many types of practical structural and materials engineering

problems including design, life prediction, strength and deformation
analysis, forensic analysis, etc.

** If you feel you are in need of review of basic theory of LEFM,

you must, at least, cover Chapters 1 and 2 of Anderson.

EXAMPLES

Lecture #1 5
 Assessment of Remaining Life and
Current Residual Strength of Structures
Fatigue crack growth coupled Aloha Airlines Flight 243
with corrosion in lap joints in skin 1988

Ductile Tearing

Undesirable and unexpected failure mode, involving fatigue and ductile

tearing of metallic sheet, for an aircraft fuselage
Lecture #1 6
 Assessment of Remaining Life and
Current Residual Strength of Structures

Undesirable and unexpected failure mode, involving fatigue and ductile

tearing of metallic sheet, for an KC-135 fuselage
Lecture #1 7
R&D in Structural Behavior: Plastic Zone Evolution in KC-135 Fuselage Panel

20in.

10in.

EffectiveStress(ksi)

60 yld
53
46

39

Chen, C.-S., Wawrzynek, P. A., and Ingraffea, A. R., Residual Strength

Prediction of Airplane Fuselages Using CTOA
Criterion AIAA Journal, 40, 3, 566-575, 2002.
Lecture #1 8
Chen, C.-S., Wawrzynek, P. A., Ingraffea, A. R. , "Ductile Tearing and
 R&D in Structural Behavior: Fatigue Crack and Plastic Zone Evolution
in B-747 Fuselage Panel
Fatigue Cracks Found on Wreckage of Flight 611
The China Airlines Flight Crashed on May 25th, 2002, Killing 225

Investigators probing wreckage from China Airlines Flight 611,

which flew apart at 35,000 feet over the Taiwan Strait,
have discovered a series of fatigue cracks in the rear fuselage
area near a 22-year-old repair, sources close to the investigation
said today.

The Boeing 747-200 suddenly broke up May 25 about 20

minutes after taking off from Taipei for Hong Kong,
killing all 225 people aboard. There was no distress call
from the crew, and so far the plane's cockpit voice recorder
and flight data recorder have revealed no definitive cause
for the rare high-altitude disintegration.

Lecture #1 9
 Design of Repairs e.g. for Cracked Dams
Crack on downstream face
Fontana Dam of a gravity dam?
North Carolina,
USA

Oops!

e Studies of Simulation of Fracture in Concrete Dams. Eng. Fracture Mech., 35, 1/2/3, 1990
Lecture #1 10
Design of Repairs e.g. for Cracked Dams
Kolnbrein Dam
Austria

Martha L F, Llorca J, Ingraffea

Elices M. Numerical Simulatio
of Crack Initiation and Propag
in an Arch Dam. Dam Engine
2, 3, 193-214, 1991.
Lecture #1 11
 Forensic Analysis
eg. for Cracked Bridge Piers

Lecture #1 12
 Schoharie Creek Bridge
I 90
New York
1987

enson D V, Ingraffea A R. The Collapse of the Schoharie Creek Bridge: A Case Study
Concrete Fracture Mechanics. Int. J. Fracture, 51, 73-92, 1991.
Lecture #1 13
 R&D in Material Behavior:
Micromechanics of Fatigue in Crystalline Alloys
Grain boundary

2nd Phase particle

Observed microstructure in 2D FE Model of 2-phase microstructure

AA 2024-T3 sheet, 500X

Calculated elasto-plastic stress (vertical) field Debonding of 2nd phase particles

Lecture #1 14
A Specific Example of the Need for Structural Prognosis

One bolt hole in the

underside of the outer
wing panel of this
$50M aircraft controls
its useful life!

The NAVY discards this aircraft when a 250 m long

crack is detected in this bolt hole !!!!

What?
Why?
EA-6B How?
What can be done?
250m = 0.01 inch

Lecture #1 15
 OUTBD
FLAP
Lets Take This Wing Apart and
LOWER COVER

Look Really Closely at that

FLAPERON
HINGE & LOCK
FTGS Bolt Hole

INBD FLAP

REAR BEAM

LOWER COVER

60
36

Critical Location:
Rib 1, Hole # 14
150

FRONT BEAM

Lecture #1 16
 Hole #14

Row of bolt holes

7075-T651
Incubation
Nucleation

Microstructurally
5.7 mm Short
Crack Propagation
10 m
Lecture #1
250 m 17
 Hole #14

Row of bolt holes

Final fracture of stiffened wing skin

Microstructurally long crack growth,

the classical starting point for
fracture mechanics

Lecture #1 18
 Adaptive BEM/FEM--2D and 3D Curvilinear
Crack Growth

Simulation of crack propagation in tooth of a spiral bevel gear using adaptive FEM.
See Carter et al.,1999. See Ural et al., 2005.

Lecture #1 19
 Lattice Method--Dynamic Crack Growth in
Brazilian Test

A lattice method simulation of crack growth in a disk of concrete loaded in diametral

compression. See van Mier, 1997.

Lecture #1 20
 Atomistic Method---Crack Growth in Silicon
Single Crystal

An atomistic simulation of crack growth is a 6,000 atom simulation of a 3-D block (100 by
50 by 20 Angstroms) of pure diamond cubic Si containing a pre-existing crack-like flaw.
See Gall et al., 1999.

Lecture #1 21
 From Atoms to Airplanes:
A Multiscale Vision for Computational Fracture Mechanics

nano micro macro

1010m 102m
1015s 106s

Lecture #1 22