PERFORMING

MENSURATION AND
CALCULATION (PMC)
MR. LAWRENCE M. ROLLUQUI
MEMORY
Computer memory is any physical device
capable of storing information temporarily or
permanently. For example, Random Access
Memory (RAM), is a volatile memory that
stores information on an integrated
circuit used by the operating
system, software, and hardware.
MEMORY
What does computer memory look like?
MEMORY
Volatile vs. non-volatile memory
Volatile memory is a memory
that loses its contents when the
computer or hardware device
loses power
MEMORY
Volatile Memory - Computer RAM is
an example of a volatile memory and
is why if your computer freezes or
reboots when working on a program,
you lose anything that hasn't been
saved.
MEMORY
Non-volatile memory,
sometimes abbreviated as
NVRAM, is a memory that keeps
its contents even if the power is
lost. EPROM is an example of a
non-volatile memory.
MEMORY
Non-volatile memory,
sometimes abbreviated as
NVRAM, is a memory that keeps
its contents even if the power is
lost. EPROM is an example of a
non-volatile memory.
THREE TYPES OF MEMORY
Cache Memory
Primary Memory/Main
Memory
Secondary Memory
CACHE MEMORY
Cache memory is a very high
speed semiconductor memory
which can speed up CPU. It
acts as a buffer between the
CPU and main memory.
CACHE MEMORY - ADVANTAGES
Cache memory is faster than main
memory.
It consumes less access time as
compared to main memory.
It stores the program that can be
executed within a short period of time.
It stores data for temporary use.
CACHE MEMORY - DISADVANTAGES
Cache memory has limited
capacity.
It is very expensive.
PRIMARY MEMORY
(MAIN MEMORY)
Primary memory holds only those
data and instructions on which
computer is currently working. It has
limited capacity and data is lost when
power is switched off.
PRIMARY MEMORY
(MAIN MEMORY)
It is generally made up of
semiconductor device. These
memories are not as fast as registers.
The data and instruction required to
be processed reside in main memory.
PRIMARY MEMORY
(MAIN MEMORY)
It is divided into two subcategories
RAM and ROM.
ROM READ ONLY MEMORY
Read-only memory (ROM) chips are
located in the motherboard. ROM
chips contain instructions that can be
directly accessed by the CPU. Basic
instructions for booting the
computer and loading the operating
system are stored in ROM.
ROM READ ONLY MEMORY
ROM chips retain their contents even
when the computer is powered
down. The contents cannot be
erased or changed by normal means.
RAM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
Random access memory (RAM) is the
temporary storage for data and
programs that are being accessed by
the CPU. RAM is volatile memory,
which means that the contents are
erased when the computer is
powered off.
RAM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
The more RAM in a computer, the
more capacity the computer has to
hold and process large programs and
files, as well as enhance system
performance.
RAM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
Early computers had RAM installed in the
motherboard as individual chips. The
individual memory chips, called dual inline
package (DIP) chips, was difficult to install
and often became loose on the motherboard.
To solve this problem, designers soldered the
memory chips on a special circuit board called
a memory module.
HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF MEMORY MODULES:
HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF MEMORY MODULES:
HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF MEMORY MODULES:
HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF MEMORY MODULES:
HERE ARE SOME TYPES OF MEMORY MODULES:
RAM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
SIMMs have 30-pin and 72-pin
configurations. DIMM is a circuit
board that holds SDRAM, DDR
SDRAM and DDR2 SDRAM.
RAM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
The speed of memory has a direct
impact on how much data a
processor can process because faster
memory improves the performance
of the processor. As processor speed
increases, memory speed must also
increase.
RAM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
Double Data Rate (DDR) technology
doubles the maximum bandwidth of
SDRAM. DDR2 offers faster performance
while using less energy. DDR3 operates at
even higher speeds than DDR2; however,
none of these DDR technologies are
backward- or forward compatible.
SECONDARY MEMORY
This type of memory is also known as
external memory or non-volatile. It is
slower than main memory. These are
used for storing data/Information
permanently. CPU directly does not
access these memories instead they are
accessed via input-output routines.
CHARACTERISTIC OF SECONDARY MEMORY
These are magnetic and optical memories
It is known as backup memory.
It is non-volatile memory.
Data is permanently stored even if power is
switched off.
It is used for storage of data in a computer.
Computer may run without secondary memory.
Slower than primary memories.
STORAGE DRIVES
Storage drives read or write
information on magnetic or optical
storage media. The drive can be
used to store data permanently or
to retrieve information from a
media disk
FLOPPY DRIVE
A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is a storage
device that uses removable 3.5-inch floppy
disks. These magnetic floppy disks can store
720 KB or 1.44 MB of data. In a computer, the
floppy drive is usually configured as the A:
drive. The floppy drive can be used to boot the
computer if it contains a bootable floppy disk. A
5.25-inch floppy drive is older technology and is
seldom used.
FLOPPY DRIVE
HARD DRIVE / SSD
OPTICAL DRIVE
EXTERNAL FLASH DRIVE
PROCESSOR
A processor is the logic circuitry that
responds to and processes the
basic instructions that drive a
computer. The four
primary functions of a processor
are fetch, decode, execute and
writeback.
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A PROCESSOR:
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
which carries out arithmetic and
logic operations on
the operands in instructions.
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A PROCESSOR:
The floating point unit (FPU), also
known as a math coprocessor or
numeric coprocessor, a
specialized coprocessor that
manipulates numbers more quickly
than the basic
microprocessor circuitry can.
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A PROCESSOR:
Registers, which hold instructions
and other data. Registers
supply operands to the ALU and
store the results of operations.
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A PROCESSOR:
L1 and L2 cache memory. Their
inclusion in the CPU saves time
compared to having to get data
from random access memory
(RAM).
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF A PROCESSOR:
Most processors today are multi-
core, which means that the IC
contains two or more processors for
enhanced performance, reduced
power consumption and more
efficient simultaneous processing of
multiple tasks
PROCESSOR
Most processors today are multi-
core, which means that the IC
contains two or more processors for
enhanced performance, reduced
power consumption and more
efficient simultaneous processing of
multiple tasks
TEN BEST CPU
1. AMD A8-7670K
Ideal for laptop users
Processor Cores: 4 | Thermal Design Power: 95W
| Graphics Controller: Radeon R7 Series | Clock
Speed: 3.6GHz | Processor Socket: FM2+ | L2
Cache: 4MB
Great for gaming at medium resolutions
Decent multi-threaded performance
Relatively high TDP
Relatively poor single-threaded punch
TEN BEST CPU
2. Intel Xeon E5-2670
Best for experienced power seekers
Processor cores: 8 | Thermal Design Power: 115W
| Graphics Controller: None | Clockspeed: 2.6GHz
| Processor socket: FCLGA1011 | Cache: 20MB
Blazingly fast for certain tasks
Cheap as chips
Power guzzler
Xeon motherboards are pricier
TEN BEST CPU
3. Intel Core i3-6100
Heavy lifting on the cheap
Processor Cores: 2 | Thermal Design Power: 65W
| Graphics Controller: Intel HD Graphics 530 | Clock
Speed: 3.7GHz | Processor Socket: LGA 1151 | L2
Cache: 2 x 256KB
TEN BEST CPU
AMD Sempron 3850
Its most affordable quad-core chip
Processor Cores: 4 | Thermal Design Power: 25W
| Graphics Controller: AMD Radeon HD 8280 | Clock
Speed: 1.3GHz | Processor Socket: AM1 | L2
Cache: 2MB
TEN BEST CPU
5. Intel Pentium G4400
Skylake on a budget
Processor Cores: 2 | Thermal Design Power: 65W
| Graphics Controller: Intel HD Graphics 510 | Clock
Speed: 3.3GHz | Processor Socket: FCLGA1151 | L2
Cache: 3MB
Good performer on a bargain
Very low TDP
May require new motherboard
Below average video performance
TEN BEST CPU
6. Intel Core i7-6700K
This quad-core one's a bit different
Processor Cores: 4 | Thermal Design Power: 91W
| Graphics Controller: Intel HD Graphics 530 | Clock
Speed: 4.0GHz | Processor Socket: LGA 1151 | L2
Cache: 4 x 256KB
14nm goodness
Opens up overclocking
It's not a lot faster
Still just four cores
TEN BEST CPU
7. Intel Core i5-4690K
One of Intel's best-selling parts
Processor Cores: 4 | Thermal Design Power: 88W
| Graphics Controller: Intel HD Graphics 4600 | Clock
Speed: 3.5GHz | Processor Socket: LGA 1150 | L2
Cache: 4 x 256KB
Approachable price
Easy to overclock
No hyper-threading
Fairly high TDP
VIDEO CARD
Alternatively known as a display
adapter, graphics card, video
adapter, video board, or video
controller, a video card is
an IC or internal board that creates a
picture on a display.
AMPERAGE (AMPS)
the strength of an
electric current in
amperes.
AMPERE
A unit of measurement
which describes the amount
of electric passing a certain
point at a particular time
AMPERE
a unit of electric current
equal to a flow of one
coulomb per second.
CENTIMETER

a metric unit of
length, equal to one
hundredth of a meter.
INCH

A portion of a foot
which is a English Unit
of linear measurement
MILLIMETER

one thousandth of a meter

(0.039 in.).
MEGGER
An instrument used to measure
the insulation resistance of
conductors or wire. It gives
measurement in ohms or mega
ohms.
MULTITESTER
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as
a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic
measuring instrument that combines several
measurement functions in one unit. A typical
multimeter may include features such as the
ability to measure voltage, current and
resistance.
OHMMETER

an instrument for
measuring electrical
resistance.
VOLT

A unit of measurement
of electrical pressure or
voltage
VOLTMETER

An instrument for
measuring voltage
WIRE GAUGE

Use to measure
diameter of magnetic
wire
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
As with other meters, the incorrect
use of a multimeter could cause
injury or damage. The following
safety precautions are
the MINIMUM for using a
multimeter.
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Deenergize and discharge the circuit

completely before connecting or
disconnecting amultimeter
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Never apply power to the
circuit while measuring
resistance with a
multimeter.
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Connect the multimeter in
series with the circuit for
current measurements, and
in parallel for voltage
measurements.
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Be certain the multimeter is
switched to ac before
attempting to measure ac
circuits.
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Be certain the multimeter is
switched to ac before
attempting to measure ac
circuits.
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Observe proper dc polarity
when measuring dc. When
you are finished with a
multimeter, switch it to the
OFF position, if available.
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

If there is no OFF position,

switch the multimeter to the
highest ac voltage position.
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Always start with the highest

voltage or current range.
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Select a final range that
allows a reading near the
middle of the scale.
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Adjust the "0 ohms" reading
after changing resistance
ranges and before making a
resistance measurement.
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Be certain to read ac
measurements on the ac
scale of a multimeter.
MULTIMETER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
Observe the general safety
precautions for electrical and
electronic devices.
MULTITESTER
MULTITESTER
I am an odd number. Take
away one letter and I
become even. What
number am I?
Can you arrange four 9's and
use of atmost 2 math symbols,
make the total be 100?
Using eight eights and
addition only, can you
make 1000