Journey into the depth of sucrose crystal

Video 1
 Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson the students should
be able to:
1. identify and describe the matter,
classification of matter, proton, electrons
and neutrons as sub-atomic particles.
2. define proton number, nucleon number,
relative atomic mass and relative
molecular mass
3. define and describe isotopes.
 Matter
Anything that occupies space and possesses
mass is called matter.
• Example: air, earth, animals, trees, atoms,…
• The three states of matter are solid, liquid
and gas
 Three States of Matter

SOLID LIQUID GAS

 Mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures :
has one or more visible boundaries between the
components.

Homogeneous mixtures :
has no visible boundaries because the components are
mixed as individual atoms, ions, and molecules.

Solutions :
A homogeneous mixture is also called a solution.
Solutions in water are called aqueous solutions, and are
very important in chemistry. Although we normally think
of solutions as liquids, they can exist in all three physical
states.
 Definitions for Components of Matter

Compound - a substance
composed of two or more
elements which are
chemically combined.

Mixture - a group of two or

more elements and/or
compounds that are
physically intermingled.
 Mixtures and Compounds

Fe

Physically mixed therefore can Allowed to react chemically

be separated by physical means. therefore cannot be separated by
physical means.
 Definitions for Components of Matter

Element - the simplest type of substance with unique physical and

chemical properties. An element consists of only one type of atom.
It cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by physical
or chemical means.

Molecule - a structure that consists of two or

more atoms which are chemically bound
together and thus behaves as an independent
unit.
 Ernerst Rutherford (1871 – 1937)
New Zealander-English physicist who was born
in Nelson, New Zealand. Rutherford is best known
for devising the names alpha, beta and gamma
rays to classify various forms of "rays" which were
poorly understood at his time.

ATOM
• An atom is composed of three kinds of
elementary subatomic particle: electrons,
protons and neutrons.
• Protons and neutrons form the atomic
nucleus.
• Electrons can be thought of as forming
negatively charged clouds around the
nucleus.
Modern Model of the Atom
 DEFINITION
• Proton number :
A number of protons in the atomic
nucleus

• Nucleon number :
The number of nucleon (protons and
neutrons) in the atomic nucleus.
 The Modern Reassessment of the Atomic Theory
1. All matter is composed of atoms. The atom is the smallest
body that retains the unique identity of the element.

2. Atoms of one element cannot be converted into atoms of

another element in a chemical reaction. Elements can only
be converted into other elements in nuclear reactions.

3. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons

and electrons, which determines the chemical behavior of
the element. Isotopes of an element differ in the number of
neutrons, and thus in mass number. A sample of the element
is treated as though its atoms have an average mass.

4. Compounds are formed by the chemical combination of two

or more elements in specific ratios.
Video 2
Proton number and nucleon number
• A: nucleon (mass) number (Z+n)
• Z: proton (atomic) number
• X: chemical element symbol

Video 4
Video 3
 Example 1.1.2
Give the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the
200
following species: (a) 80 Hg (b) 63 Cu
29
59 3+
(c) (d) 27 Co
17 2 −
O8

Symbol Number of Charge

proton neutron electron
200
80 Hg 80 120 80 0

63
29 Cu 29 34 29 0
17
8 O 2− 8 9 10 -2
59
27 Co 3+ 27 32 24 +3
Note:
The proton number, Z, is the nuclear charge and also the number of electrons in a neutral atom of the element.
no. p = no. e ⇒ atom (neutral)
no. p > no. e ⇒ positively charged – cation (atom lost electrons)
no. p < no. e ⇒ negatively charged – anion (atom gained electrons)
 Isotopes
Isotope = atoms of an
element with the same
number of protons, but a
different number
of neutrons
Notes:
Isotopes of an element have the same,
- number of protons (proton number)
- charge of nucleus of the atoms
(ionization energy; electron affinity; size of
the atom; electronegativity are the same)
- number of electrons in a neutral atom
- electronic configuration (the number of valence electrons) Video 5
- chemical properties
Isotopes of an element have different,
- number of neutrons (nucleon number) in the nucleus of the atoms
- relative isotopic mass
- physical properties (e.g boiling point / melting point, density, effusion rate,…)
 Relative atomic and molecular mass
Video 6
Relative Atomic Mass, Ar of an element
Ar = average mass of one atom of the element
1/12 x mass of one atom of 12C
• The average relative isotopic mass of the atoms
must be used for calculation because most
elements consist of a mixture of isotopes.

Notes:
Ar and Mr – dimensionless
Molecular mass, atomic mass – atomic mass unit (amu)
Relative Molecular Mass, Mr of a molecular substance
Mr = average mass of one molecule of the substance
1/12 x mass of one atom of 12C
or
= sum of the relative atomic masses of all
the atoms shown in the molecular formula.

Example:
Mr of H2O = 2 (Ar of H) + Ar of O
= 2(1.008) + 15.999 = 18.15

relative molecular mass of CaCl2 = 40 + 2(35.5) = 111

relative molecular mass of SO42− = 32 + 4(16) = 96
Determining the number of
atomic constituents

Video 7 Video 8

Atom Ion
 Exercise 1.1
Complete the symbols for the following elements
and fill in the blanks in the table.
 Radioisotopes
• Radioisotopes have a number of
important applications beyond the
production of energy or weapons of mass
destruction.
- neutron activation analysis
- geological dating
- tracers Video 9

- oncology
- radiation detection
 Conclusion
At the end of the lesson the students should
be able to:
1. identify and describe the matter,
classification of matter, proton, electrons
and neutrons as sub-atomic particles.
2. define proton number, nucleon number,
relative atomic mass and relative molecular
mass
3. define and describe isotopes.