Lecture

on
DC and AC Model of BJT Amplifier
and
h-Parameters

Hemant Kumar Sharma

Assistant Professor, ECE Department
Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur
 Introduction
BJT -- Bipolar Junction Transistor
Three terminals-Base, Emitter, Collector
TypeNPN and PNP
Two Junctions (a)Emitter-Base Junction
(b) Collector-Base Junction
Transistor = Transfer+ Resistor
Capability of transferring signal current from
low resistance circuit to high resistance circuit

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 ApplicationBJT as an amplifier and switch
Base is located at the middle and more thin from
the level of collector and emitter
The emitter and collector terminals are made of
the same type of semiconductor material, while
the base of the other type of material

Figure 1 Cross sectional view of BJT

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Figure 2 (a) Transistor Types (b) Symbol of Transistor
 Transistor currents
The arrow is always drawn
on the emitter

The arrow always point

toward the n-type

The arrow indicates the

direction of the emitter
current:
Figure 3 Transistor Currents in PNP and NPN Transisitor pnp:E B
npn: B E

IE = IC + IB

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Transistor Current Gain

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Transistor Mode of Operation

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 Transistor Configurations
Three configurations
(a) Common Base
(b) Common Emitter
(c) Common Collector

Figure 4 Transistor Configurations (a) Common Base (b) Common Emitter

(c) Common Collector
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 Common Base Configuration

Figure 5 Input and Output Characteristics of NPN Common Base Transistor

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Common Emitter Configurations

Figure 6 Input and Output Characteristics of NPN Common Emitter Transistor

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Comparisons CB, CE, CC Configurations
S.No. Parameters Common Base Common Emitter Common Collector
Configurations Configurations Configurations
1. Input Low Medium High
Resistance
2. Output High Medium Low
Resistance
3. Current Gain Less () High () High
4. Leakage Very Small Medium Range Very High Range
Current Range

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 Transistor Biasing
Main application of transistor is amplification i.e. raising the
strength of weak signal without any change in its general
shape is referred as faithful amplification.
For faithful amplification transistor must be operated in active
region.
If the transistor is not biased properly, it would work
inefficiently and produce distortion in output signal.
How a Transistor can be biased?
answer is using Biasing Circuits.
Biasing objective is to maintain the proper value of collector
current and collector voltage these values are expressed by
term Operating Point or Quiescent Point.
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 Selection of Q-point

Figure 7 Proper selection of Q-point

Figure 8 Operating Point at the centre of active

region of Transistor
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 Only fixing the Q-point is not sufficient but it should remain
stable. The maintenance of operating point stable is called
Stabilisation.
Why Q-point vary or shifts?
(a)Transistor Parameters (,ICO and VBE)are temperature
dependent.
(b)Transistor parameters change from unit to unit.
Requirements of Biasing Circuits?
(a)Establish the operating point in the centre of active region.
(b)Stabilize the collector current against temperature variations.
(c)Make the operating point independent of transistor
parameters so that it doesnt shift when the transistor is
replaced by another of the same type in the circuit.

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 Bias Stabilization means to maintain the factors those
responsible for the shift of Q-Point.
Q-point depends upon temperature sensitive parameters ICO,
VBE ,.
Stability factor indicates degree of change in Q-point due to
variation in temperature.
Lower the value of stability factor means less dependence of Q-
point over temperature that is desirable.

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 Table 1 Variation of Transistor Parameters w.r.t. Temperature

Biasing Circuits are:-

(a)Fixed Bias Circuit
(b)Fixed Bias with Emitter Resistor
(c)Collector to Base Bias Circuit
(d)Potential Divider Bias Circuit

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General Expression for Stability Factor

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 DC Model of BJT Amplifier

Remove all a.c. source (AC Voltage source

short circuited and AC current source is open
circuited.
Open all Capacitors.
Xc = 1/c and = 2f
For dc signal f=0 then
Xc =

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 AC Model of BJT Amplifier
Remove all DC Sources or set DC source at
zero value.
Short all Capacitors(Coupling and bypass
capacitors)

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DC Model for CE amplifier

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AC Model for CE Amplifier

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DC Model for CB Amplifier

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AC Model for CB Amplifier

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DC Model for CC Amplifier

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AC Model for CC Amplifier

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 h-Parameters
Small signal model of Transistor
Three different model for small signal analysis
h-Parameter model, hybrid pi model and re model
Hybrid model is for transistor at low frequency
Simple model and easy calculation
h-parameters are specified by manufacturer at a
typical operating point whereas the circuit is to
be analyzed may be operating at a different
operating point
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Hybrid Model of Transistor

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S.no. h-parameter meaning condition
1. h11 Input Impedance Output is shorted
2. h21 Forward Current Gain Output is shorted
3. h12 Reverse voltage gain Input open
4. h22 Output Admittance Input Open

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Analysis of CE Amplifier

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Analysis of CE Amplifier with RE

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Analysis of CC Amplifier

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Analysis of CB Amplifier

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 References
[1]Jacob Millman, Christos C Halkias and Satyabrata Jit, Millmans
Electronic Devices and Circuits, TMH publications, third edition, pp.no.
307-324, 372-391, 2011.
[2]U.Mahadevaswamy, Analog electronic circuits: a simplified approach,
Pearson education ,pp.no. 129-217,231-250, First edition, 2010.
[3] N N Bhargava, D C Kulshreshtha and S C Gupta, Basic Electronics and
Linear Circuits, TMH Publications, pp.no. 222-259, First edition,56th
reprint, 2011.
[4] V K Mehta and Rohit Mehta, Principles of Electronics, S.Chand
publication, pp.no. 192-239. First edition, Reprint 2013.
[5] Rajiv Tiwari , Electronic Devices & Cicuits-I, Genius Publications ,12th
revised edition pp.no. 5.1-6.12, 2014.
[6] Dr. A P Vajpeyi, Analog & Digital Electronics Course no. Ph-218,
Lecure no. 7 NPTEL,IIT Guwahati.
[7] U A Bakshi and A P Godse, Analog Electronic Circuit, Technical
Publications ,pp.no. 3.1-3.132, First Edition, 2008.

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For any query drop me an e-mail
kumar.hemant@vgu.ac.in
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