EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT

BUILDINGS

13606, 13623, 13638, 13641

Yokohama
Landmark Tower
the second tallest building , Japan
Construction started on 20 March 1990
and Completed in 1 993.
Cost -270 billion
Owner-Mitsubishi Estate

HEIGHT -296.3 m (972 ft)

total floor area - 392,885 m2
Floor count-73
Lifts/elevators- 79 high-speed elevators

FEATURES:
offices, a hotel, and a shopping mall
in the central tower, an observatory, a
multipurpose hall, and an outside
area accentuated by a restored stone
dock called the Dockyard Garden.
Yokohama Landmark Tower :plan
Yokohama Landmark Tower: section
Yokohama Landmark Tower
Principles and features:
The tower is made of flexible
material,
has rollers underneath that
let the earth shake but the
tower stay still,
and it has a huge motion
damper inside that lets it
sway from side to side
Mateials and structure
Faade :
Material: granite
System: curtain wall
Color:light gray
Structural:
System: trussed tube
Material: steel concrete
Advantages:
Efficiently resists lateral loads
by locating lateral systems at
the building perimeter.
Disadvantages:
Shear lag hinders true tubular
behavior. Narrow column
spacing obstructs the view.
Tuned mass damper
the dampers are huge concrete blocks or steel
bodies mounted in skyscrapers or other structures,
and moved in opposition to the resonance
frequency oscillations of the structure by means
of springs, fluid or pendulums.
The tower has 2 TMD located 282 m (71st floor)
above ground level

Pendulam TMD
BURJ KHALIFA
 ABOUT
Architectural style-Neo-futurism
Location-Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Coordinates-251149.7N 551626.8E
Architectural height- 828 metres
Floor count-154 usable floors
(additional -9 maintenance levels, 46 spire
levels, and 2 below-ground parking levels)
Primary structure- Reinforced Concrete
Type- skyscraper

The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from patterning systems embodied

in Islamic architecture, incorporating cultural and historical elements
particular to the region such as the spiral minaret. The Y-shaped plan is
designed for residential and hotel usage. A buttressed core structural system is
used to support the height of the building, and the cladding system is designed
to withstand Dubai's summer temperatures.
The central spiral minaret spirals and
grows slender as it rises.
Inspiration- the spiral minaret of The great
mosque of Sammara.

As the structure rises upwards as a decreasing

twirling structure, the mass at the lower levels
remain greater than the upper levels.

there are 27 setbacks in a spiralling pattern,

decreasing the cross section of the tower as it
reaches toward the sky and creating outdoor
terraces as well as balancing the structure
while earthquake
 Y-shaped plan with Reinforced core

The Y shaped planning of the building is considered to be very

efficient to withstand the wind loads as well as to foster
constructability.
To support the unprecedented height of the building, the engineers
developed a new structural system Buttressed Core
It consists of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that
form the Y' shape. This structural system enables the building to
support itself laterally and keeps it from twisting.
Each wing, with its own high-performance concrete core and
perimeter columns, buttresses the others via a six-sided central
core, or hexagonal hub.
The result is a tower that is extremely stiff torsionally. SOM applied
a rigorous geometry to the tower that aligned all of the common
central core and column elements.
Terracing
The advantage of the tower's stepping and shaping
is, in essence, to confuse the wind. Wind vortexes
can never sufficiently coalesce because the wind
encounters a different building shape at each tier.
The stepping is achieved by aligning columns above
with walls below to provide a smooth load path. This
enabled construction to proceed without the normal
delays associated with column transfers. At each
setback, the building's width changes.
STRUCTURE
The superstructure is supported by a large
reinforced concrete mat, which is in turn supported
by bored reinforced concrete piles.
The 1.5 meter diameter x 43 meter long piles
represent the largest and longest piles
conventionally available in the region.
A high density, low permeability concrete was used
in the foundations, as well as a cathodic protection
system under the mat, to minimize any detrimental
effects form corrosive chemicals in local ground
water.
 DETAILS OF THE FOUNDATION
The superstructure is supported by a large
reinforced concrete raft, which is in
turn supported by bored reinforced
concrete piles
The design was based on extensive
geotechnical and seismic studies
The 3.7 m thick raft was constructed in
four separate pours, and is made C50
grade self-consolidating concrete (SCC).
The total volume of concrete in the raft is
12,500 m3 . The 194 numbers of bored
cast-in-place piles, supporting the raft
are 1.5 meter in diameter and 43 meter
long. Capacity of each pile is 3000 PILED RAFT FOUNDATION OF BURJ
tonnes. The piles were made high KHALIFA
density, low permeability C60 grade
SCC concrete placed by tremie method
utilizing polymer slurry.
A cathodic protection system was also
installed under the mat, to minimize
any detrimental effects of corrosive
chemicals, which may be present in
local ground water.
 TORRE MAYOR, MEXICO
LOCATION : Paseo de la Reforma in Mxico City
CONSTRUCTION STARTED: 1993- 2003
ARCHITECT: Adamsom Associates Architects
Zeidler Roberts Partnership
IDEA Asociados de los Estados Unidos
Mexicanos
59 levels including 4 basement parking ones.
Floor area of 84,139 sqm
225 meters above ground level.
157,000 sq.. of total construction.
73,900 sq.. of total office space.
3,100 sq.. of retail space.
A total of 29 elevators, 27 for passengers and 2 for freight.
2,000 parking spaces.
EFFICIENT DESIGN
Column-free floors from 1,650 to
1,825 sq.m
Central core with equipment and
installations which control the
multiple functions and services of
the tower.
ANTI EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING STRUCTURE
52 piles on the foundation.
Reinforced concrete structure with:
46,916 m3 of concrete.
21,200 tons. of structural and
reinforcement steel.
98 seismic dampers.
ARCHITECTURE
International quality
contemporary design.
30,000 m2 of glass in the south
facade with thermal and
acoustic isolation.
13,500 m2 granite precast in
north facade.
Marble and granite finishing in
common areas and lobbies.
STRUCTURAL SAFETY
Torre Mayors structure has been calculated
to exceed the seismical requirements of the
Mexico City and California Construction
Regulations, which are the strictest in the
world and to give the maximum security and
comfort to its occupants. The steel and
concrete structure has 98 seismic dampers
which, during an earthquake, reduce its
displacement, diminishing and dissipating a
significant part of the energy absorbed by the
building.
One thousand seven hundred construction
workers took four years to construct the
47,000 cubic metres of concrete and 21,000
tons of steel over the 251, fifty metre deep
pilings at it's foundations.
Diamond shaped dampers were used to take
the strain within the building, The largest of
these dampers being six feet long by 24
inches across, resembling shock absorbers on
a car, and being almost as large as one.
A look at the glass facade reveals four large
diamonds, which are giant brace frames
serving as primary structural support.
DAMPERS
98 dampersdevices similar to shock
absorbers in automobilesare located
throughout the building. In the event of
an earthquake, giant dampers in the
basement absorb most of the shock. Any
remaining vibrations propagate to
higher floors where smaller dampers
installed along the elevator shafts
gradually dissipate the excess energy.
a damper is an element which can be
added to a system to provide forces
which are resistive to motion, thus
providing a means of energy
dissipation.
Vibrating systems are all more or less
subject to damping, because energy is
dissipated by friction and other
resistances. Since no energy is supplied
BUILDING FRAME
in free vibration, the motion in free
vibration will diminish with time, and is
said to be damped.
DAMPER INSTALLATION
Division of tall structures and
limitation of no of stories