BN 204 / BN204D DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES

Lecture 3-
The Relational Model 2: SQL

Acknowledgement: Concepts of Database Management, 8th Edition

Philip J. Pratt Grand Valley State University Mary Z. Last -Cengage Learning

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 Lecture 2 -Review
Relation: two-dimensional table
A tables primary key uniquely identify a row
Query-By-Example (QBE) -visual tool
Simple Queries
To indicate AND, OR criteria in an Access query,
Place criteria on separate Criteria rows
To create a computed field in Access, enter expression
in the desired column of design grid
To use functions to perform calculations
To sort query results in Ascending /Descending order
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 Lecture 3- Overview

QBE
Join tables in QBE
Update data using QBE
SQL
Introduce Structured Query Language (SQL)
Use simple and compound conditions in SQL
Use computed fields in SQL
Sorting

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 QBE
Joining Tables

Queries to select data from more than one

table
Join the tables based on matching fields in
corresponding columns
Join line
Line drawn by Access between matching fields in
the two tables
Indicates that the tables are related

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 Joining Tables (continued)

FIGURE 2-29: Query design to join two tables

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 Joining Multiple Tables

Joining three or more tables is similar to

joining two tables
To join three or more tables:
Add the field lists for all tables in the join to upper
pane
Add the fields to appear in query results to design
grid in the desired order

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 Using an Update Query

Update query: a query that changes data

Makes a specified change to all records satisfying the
criteria in the query
To change a query to an update query:
Click Update button in the Query Type group on the
QUERY TOOLS DESIGN tab
Update To row is added when an update query is
created
Used to indicate how to update data selected by the
query

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 Using an Update Query
(continued)

FIGURE 2-35: Query design to update data

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 Using a Delete Query

Delete query: permanently deletes all records

satisfying the criteria entered in the query
To change query type to a delete query:
Click Delete button in the Query Type group on
the QUERY TOOLS DESIGN tab
Delete row is added
Indicates this is a delete query

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 Using a Delete Query
(continued)

FIGURE 2-36: Query design to delete records

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 Relational Algebra

Theoretical way of manipulating a relational

database
Includes operations that act on existing tables
to produce new tables
Each command ends with a GIVING clause,
followed by a table name
Clause requests the result of the command to be
placed in a temporary table with the specified
name

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 Select

Takes a horizontal subset of a table

Retrieves certain rows from an existing table
(based on criteria) and saves them as a new table
Includes the word WHERE followed by a
condition
Example:
SELECT Customer WHERE
CustomerNum=586
GIVING Answer

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 Join

Allows extraction of data from more than one

table
Two tables being joined
Join column: common column on which two tables
are joined
Rows in new table will be the concatenation
(combination) of rows from each original table
Natural join: joins records from each original
table that is common to both tables
Outer join: joins records from each original table
including records not common to both tables

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SQL (STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE)
Allows users to query a relational database
Must enter commands to obtain the desired
results
Standard language for relational database
manipulation

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 Getting Started with Microsoft
Office Access 2010 or 2013
TAL Distributors database is provided with Data Files
To execute SQL commands shown in the figures in
Access 2010 or Access 2013:
Open the TAL Distributors database
Click the CREATE tab on the ribbon
Click the Query Design button in the Queries group
Click the Close button in the Show Table dialog box
Click the View button arrow in the Results group on the
QUERY DESIGN TOOLS tab, then click SQL View
The Query1 tab displays the query in SQL view, ready for
you to type your SQL commands
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 Table Creation

SQL CREATE TABLE command

Creates a table by describing its layout
Typical restrictions placed on table and
column names by DBMS
Names cannot exceed 18 characters
Names must start with a letter
Names can contain only letters, numbers, and
underscores (_)
Names cannot contain spaces
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 Table Creation (continued)

INTEGER
Number without a decimal point
SMALLINT
Uses less space than INTEGER
DECIMAL(p,q)
P number of digits; q number of decimal places
CHAR(n)
Character string n places long
DATE
Dates in DD-MON-YYYY or MM/DD/YYYY form

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 Simple Retrieval

SELECT-FROM-WHERE: SQL retrieval command

SELECT clause: lists fields to display
FROM clause: lists table or tables that contain data
to display in query results
WHERE clause (optional): lists any conditions to be
applied to the data to retrieve
Simple condition: field name, a comparison
operator, and either another field name or a
value
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 Simple Retrieval (continued)

FIGURE 3-1: SQL query to select customer data (Access)

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 Simple Retrieval (continued)

FIGURE 3-3: SQL query to list the complete Item table

FIGURE 3-5: SQL query with WHERE condition

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 Simple Retrieval (continued)

FIGURE 3-6: Query results

FIGURE 3-7: Comparison operators used in SQL commands

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 Compound Conditions

Compound condition
Connecting two or more simple conditions using one or
both of the following operators: AND and OR
Preceding a single condition with the NOT operator
Connecting simple conditions using AND operator
All of the simple conditions must be true for the
compound condition to be true
Connecting simple conditions using OR operator
Any of the simple conditions must be true for the
compound condition to be true

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 Compound Conditions (continued)

FIGURE 3-14: Compound condition that uses the AND operator

FIGURE 3-15: Query results

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 Compound Conditions (continued)

FIGURE 3-16: Compound condition that uses the OR operator

FIGURE 3-17: Query results

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 Compound Conditions
(continued)
Preceding a condition by NOT operator
Reverses the truth or falsity of the original condition
BETWEEN operator
Value must be between the listed numbers
Computed field or calculated field
Field whose values you derive from existing fields
Can involve:
Addition (+), Subtraction (-)
Multiplication (*), Division (/)

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 Computed Fields (continued)

FIGURE 3-24: SQL query with a computed field and condition

FIGURE 3-25: Query results

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 Using Special Operators (LIKE and
IN)

Wildcards in Access SQL

Asterisk (*): collection of characters
Question mark (?): any individual character
Wildcards in other versions of SQL
Percent sign (%): any collection of characters
Underscore (_): any individual character
To use a wildcard, include the LIKE operator in the WHERE
clause
IN operator provides a concise way of phrasing certain
conditions

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 Using Special Operators (LIKE and IN)
(continued)

FIGURE 3-26: SQL query with a LIKE operator

FIGURE 3-27: Query results

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Using Special Operators (LIKE and IN)
(continued)

FIGURE 3-28: SQL query with an IN operator

FIGURE 3-29: Query results

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 Summary
QBE
To join tables (QBE), place field lists for both tables
To use an update query
To delete all records, use a delete query
To save the results of a query as a table, make-table
SELECT command, JOIN command to combine data
SQL
SQL CREATE TABLE
Basic form of an SQL query: SELECT-FROM-WHERE
In conditions, how to enter character values - enclosed in
single quotation marks
Compound conditions which are formed by combining
simple conditions using either or both of the following
operators: AND and OR.
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 Lecture 3 Questions
1. What is the basic form of an SQL statement?
2. Is the WHERE clause required or optional?
3. What is the built in function that you would use to
determine
1. number of records in a table?
2. the total of all customer balances,
3. calculate the smallest value in a column
4. Write SQL command use to create a table called student?
5. Write outputs of the following queries?
SELECT CustomerNum, SELECT CustomerNum, CustomerName
FROM Customer
CustomerName WHERE RepNum='15'
FROM Customer OR CreditLimit=10000;
WHERE RepNum='15';
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