SHARING SESSION: VII

INTRODUCTION TO FLANGES, PIPE &

FITTINGS

By : Savita Pujari
Objectives
Overview of Industrial flanges, pipe & fitting
Flange Design Code
Types of Flange
Piping Design Code
Types of Pipe
Types of gasket
Types of fittings.
Flange Standards
ASME
DIN
AS
BS
 ASME/ANSI
These are commonly referred to by their class rating eg. ANSI
150.

This standard specifies that for the standard 304L/316L grades, the
flanges must be forged and the most commonly stocked flanges are
weld-neck, slip on and blind.

These flanges are covered in ASME B 16.5.

The standard covers sizes from to 24NB diameter, in rating

classes of 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500.
 ASME/ANSI (Large Diameter Steel Flanges)

Large diameter ASME flanges (above 26 and up to 60

N.B.) are covered by the ASME B 16.47 standard.

This standard has two categories. Series A & Series B.

In series A, class ratings 150, 300, 400, 600 and 900.

In series B, class ratings 75, 150, 300, 400, 600 and 900.
DIN Flanges
The DIN series are rated with PN numbers which indicate the nominal
pressure rating in bar.
These for example are PN 6, PN10, PN16,PN25, and PN 40.
 AS2129 - Flanges
Flat Face (commonly used on AS2129 Flanges)

They are commonly known as Table flanges, (eg Table D) and are
normally made from plate, hence slip-on, loose or blind flange are
the most common forms.

The standard covers up to 3000mm nominal size in Table D, and

1200mm nominal size in Table E, but only flanges up to 300mm
nominal size are normally available off the shelf, in 304(L) or
316(L) grades. The other rating classes of Table A,C,F,H,J, and K are
in less common usage than Table D and E.
Type of flange

SORF
WNRF
BLIND
SOCKET WELD
THREADED
LAP JOINT
What is Flange
A flange is a forged or cast ring of steel designed to connect
sections of pipe or join pipe to a pressure Vessel, pump or
any other integral flanges assembly.
When to use Flanges?
Where there is a clear need for removal of valves or
equipment, for access of maintenance, or for blinding.
Because all flanged connections are potential leak
source, their use should be kept to the minimum needed
for safe and reasonably convenient operation and
maintenance.
Slip on raised face flange
The flange is slipped over the pipe and then
welded both inside and outside to provide
sufficient Strength and prevent leakage.

This flange is used in preference to weld

necks by many users because of its lower
cost and the fact that less accuracy is
required when cutting pipe to length.
1. Slip On flange
The connection with the pipe is done with 2.Filled weld outside
2 fillet welds, as well at the outside as also 3. Filled weld inside
at the inside of the flange. 4. Pipe
Weld-Neck raised face flange
Welding Neck Flanges are easy to recognize at
the long tapered hub, that goes gradually over
to the wall thickness from a pipe or fitting.
The long tapered hub provides an important
reinforcement for use in several applications
involving high pressure, sub-zero and / or
elevated temperatures.
They also provide excellent stress distribution
through the tapered hub and are easily
radiographed for flaw detection.
This flange type will be welded to a pipe or
fitting with a single full penetration, V weld
(Buttweld).
 Blind flange
This is a flange without a bore and is
used to shut off a piping system or vessel
opening.
It also permits Easy access to vessels or
piping systems for inspection purposes.
Blind flange can be supplied with or
without hubs at the manufacturers
option.
Blind Flanges are manufactured without
a bore and used to blank off the ends of
piping, Valves and pressure vessel
openings.
Socket Weld flange
This is similar to a slip-on flange in
outline, but the bore is counter-bored to
accept pipe.
The diameter of the remaining bore is
the same as the inside diameter of the
pipe.
The flange is attached to the pipe by a
fillet weld around the hub of the flange.
An optional interval weld may be
applied in high stress applications.
Its biggest use is in high pressure
systems such as hydraulic and steam
lines.
 Threaded flange
This is similar to a slip-on flange in
outline, but the bore is threaded, thus
enabling assembly without welding.

This obviously limits its application to

relatively low pressure piping systems.

Threaded Flanges are used for special

circumstances with their main advantage
being that they can be attached to the pipe
without welding.
 Lap Joint flange
LAP JOINT FLANGES are primarily employed with lap joint stubs, the
combined initial cost of the two items being approximately one-third
higher than that of comparable welding neck flanges.
Their pressure-holding ability is little,
The chief use of lap joint flanges in carbon or low alloy steel piping
systems is in services necessitating frequent dismantling for inspection
and cleaning and where the ability to swivel flanges and to align bolt
holes materially simplifies the erection of large diameter or unusually
stiff piping.
They may be used at all pressures and are available in a full size range.
These flanges slip over the pipe, and are not welded or otherwise
fastened to it.
 Lap Joint flange
Lap Joint flanges have certain special advantages:
Freedom to swivel around the pipe facilitates the lining up of
opposing flange bolt holes.
Lack of contact with the fluid in the pipe often permits the use of
inexpensive carbon steel flanges with corrosion resistant pipe.
In systems which erode or corrode quickly, the flanges may be
salvaged for re-use.
The ASME Pressure Piping Code (B31)
B31.1 - Power Piping
B31.2 Fuels Gas Piping
B31.3 - Process Piping
B31.4 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons
and Other Liquids
B31.5 - Refrigeration Piping
B31.8 - Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping
B31.9 - Building Services Piping
B31.11 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
B31.12 - hydrogen piping
B31G - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded
Pipelines
Standards referenced (U-3)
Unified Inch Screw Threads :- ASME B 1.1
Pipe Flanges & Flanged Fitting :- ASME B 16.5
Factory made wrought butt
welding fittings :- ASME B16.9
Forged fittings, Socket welding
& Threaded :- ASME B 16.11
Metallic gaskets for Pipe flanges :- ASME B 16.20
Large diameter Steel flanges
(NPS 26 through NPS60) :- ASME B 16.47
Square & Hex Nuts :- ASME B 18.2.2
Welded & Seamless Wrought
Steel pipes :- ASME B 36.10
 PIPE
In general, this is a hollow, tubular body used
to transport or move any commodity that possesses
flow capabilities such as liquids, gases, vapors, liquefied solids and
powders.

Although there are many varieties of pipe galvanized, copper, mild steel,
cast iron, stainless steel, plastic, fiberglass, concrete and clay, the most
common material used in piping industries is carbon steel.
Type of pipe

Seamless pipe
Butt-welded pipe
Spiral-welded pipe
Seamless pipe
Seamless pipe is formed by piercing a solid, near-
molten, steel rod, called a billet, with a mandrel to
produce a pipe that has no seams or joints.
Butt-welded pipe
Butt-welded pipe is formed by feeding hot steel plate
through shapers that will roll it into a hollow circular
shape. Forcibly squeezing the two ends of the plate
together will produce a fused joint or seam.
Spiral-welded pipe

Spiral-welded pipe is formed by twisting strips of metal into a spiral

shape, similar to a barbers pole, then welding where the edges join
one another to form a seam. This type of pipe is restricted to piping
systems using low pressures due to its thin walls.
Pipe
Each of the three methods for producing pipe has its advantages
and disadvantages.

Butt-welded pipe, for example, is formed from rolled plate that has
a more uniform wall thickness and can be inspected for defects
prior to forming and welding.

This manufacturing method is particularly useful when thin walls

and long lengths are needed. Because of the welded seam, however,
there is always the possibility of defects that escape the numerous
quality control checks performed during the manufacturing
process.
 As a result, The American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) developed strict guidelines for the manufacture
of pipe.
Pressure Piping Code B 31 was written to govern the
manufacture of pipe. In particular, code B31.1.0 assigns
a strength factor of 85% for rolled pipe, 60% for spiral-
welded and 100% efficiency for seamless pipe.
GASKET

A Compressible piece of paper, rubber. Asbestos , etc. sandwiched

between faces or flanges of joint to provide a seal.
Types of Gasket

PTFE (Poly-Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene)
EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer)
SILICONE
PTFE
PTFE is generally used because of its outstanding chemical resistance.
Note that it can be prone to relaxation and creep. Therefore, expanded
or filled grades such as Fluolion Integraare often employed to overcome
some of these effects. PTFE can be used as a cover around the inside
edge of a fibre joint, to produce what is known as a PTFE envelope
gasket, as well as being used as a filler in spiral-wound gaskets, and as a
covering surface layer for Kammprofile gaskets.
EPDM

This synthetic material has good resistance to strong

acids, alkalies, salts and chlorine solutions. It is not
suitable for use in oils, solvents or aromatic
hydrocarbons. Its temperature range would be between
-70F to 350F (-57C to 177C)
SILICONE

Silicone rubbers have good resistance to hot air. They are

unaffected by sunlight and ozone. They are not, however, suitable
for use against steam, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The
temperature range would be between -65F to 500F (-54C to
260C).
Purpose of Pipe Fittings

Plumbing fittings have different shapes which allow

rigid straight pipe to change both direction and
diameter.
Types of fittings
Elbow
Street Elbow
Tee
Reducer
Union
Cap
Plug
Elbow
Used to change the angle or direction of the pipe run.
The most common elbows come in 90 degree and 45 degree turns.
The sweep of the fitting describes how fast a transition or change
in direction is made.
Street Elbow
One end of the fitting has male threads and the other end has
female threads.
Street elbows are common in galvanized steel and copper pipe.
They are convenient because they do away with the need for a
nipple and work well in tight quarters.
 Tee
It is a type of pipe fitting which is T-shaped having two outlets, at 90
to the connection to the main line.
It is available with all female thread sockets.
It is used to either combine or split a fluid flow
A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for
changing the direction of pipe runs.
Equal
Unequal
Reducer
Used to join pipe of different diameters
A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow
requirements of the system.
Union
Used to join pieces of pipe where pipes cannot be turned or when a
piece of equipment may have to be removed for maintenance or
replacement.
Cap
Used to close the end of a dead end pipe.
Plug

Close an opening on a pipefitting normally used for inspection and

cleanout.
THANK YOU