Sujetadores y Tornillos de Potencia

Engineers need to be continually reminded that nearly all engineering

failures result from faulty judgments rather than faulty calculations.
Eugene S. Ferguson, Engineering and the Minds Eye.
 Perfile roscado

Parmetros empleados para definir un perfil roscado

Dimetro mayor, d. Paso por pulgada p=1/n, n roscas por pulgada
Dimetro de cresta, dc
Dimetro de paso, dp
Dimetro de raiz, dr

Text Reference: Figure 15.1, page 667

 Roscado

(a) Simple, (b) doble, y (c) triple.

AVANCE
l = tipo roscado x p

Text Reference: Figure 15.2, page 667

 Perfiles de rosca
ACME UN -- M

Uso: potencia, mquina - herramienta

UN; M;
8 series de rosca de paso
constante Ej.UNF1/2X16-1B
dc/roscas/pulg/ajuste
Roscas de paso
Roscas de paso C-basto
C-basto F-Fino
F-Fino Ej.MF8X2-G6
EF-Extra Fino ` dc/roscas/pulg/ajuste

Text Reference: Figure 15.3, page 668

 Perfil M y UN

Detalle dimensiones de perfiles M y UN.

ht= 0.5p / tan 30

Text Reference: Figure 15.4, page 668

 Ajuste

Serie pulgadas Serie mtrica

Tornillo Tuerca Tornillo Tuerca
1A 1B (suelto) 8g 7H
2A 2B (normal) 6g 6H
3A 3B (justo) 8h 5H
Calidad 3(apretado)-9(Suelto)

Equivalencias entre roscas

Text Reference: Table 15.1, page 669

 Tornillos de potencia: Perfil ACME

Detalle del perfil - Dimensiones. (valores en pulgadas)

Buscamos: mayor ventaja mecnica - posicionamiento.

Text Reference: Figure 15.5, page 670

 Perfil ACME

diametro Cresta, Numero rosca por Area a tensin, At, Shear stress area,
dc, in. pulgada, n in2 As, in2
1/4 16 0.02663 0.3355
5/16 14 0.04438 0.4344
3/8 12 0.06589 0.5276
7/16 12 0.09720 0.6396
1/2 10 0.1225 0.7278
5/8 8 0.1955 0.9180
3/4 6 0.2732 1.084
7/8 6 0.4003 1.313
1 5 0.5175 1.493
1 1/8 5 0.6881 1.722
1 1/4 5 0.8831 1.952
1 3/8 4 1.030 2.110
1 1/2 4 1.266 2.341
1 3/4 4 1.811 2.803
2 4 2.454 3.262
2 1/4 3 2.982 3.610
2 1/2 3 3.802 4.075
2 3/4 3 4.711 4.538
3 2 5.181 4.757
3 1/2 2 7.338 5.700
4 2 9.985 6.640
4 1/2 2 12.972 7.577
5 2 16.351 8.511
Datos cortante para una
longitud de roscado de 1 pulg
dp=dc-0.5p-0.01

Text Reference: Table 15.2, page 671

Tornillo de potencia con collarn

, ngulo de avance=ArcTan [l/dp]

Collarn de empuje

Text Reference: Figure 15.6, page 672

Tornillo de potencia con collarn y husillos de bolas

Text Reference: Figure 15.6, page 672

 Fuerzas sobre el tornillo de potencia

Fv=0
Fh x r =0
DC=OE n

Fuerzas actuando sobre. (a) paraleleppedo ; (b) seccin axial; (c) plano tangencial.

Text Reference: Figure 15.7, page 673

 Par torsor el tornillo de potencia Fv=0
Fh x r =0
ASCENSO DESCENSO
 Ejercicios

1. Determine los pares de torsin, de elevacin y de

descenso, as coma la eficiencia del tornillo de potencia
manufacturado con rosca ACME. es autobloqueante?
cual es la contribucin de la friccin del collarn, en
comparacin con la friccin del tornillo, si el collarn
tiene, a) deslizamiento, m=0,15 b) rodamiento, m=0,02
ambos en aceite. W=1000lb. Rosca Acme 1,25-5 y
Omedio collarn =1,75 in.
2. Mismo ejercicio con W=1000lb. Rosca Acme 1-5
roscado doble y Omc=1,5 in. m=0,16 rosca y 0,12
collarn.
3. Igual que el ejercicio dos, pero con roscado simple.
 Tipos de sujetadores roscados

(a) Tornillo y tuerca; (c) Tornillo de cabeza; (c) Birlo.

Nota:Arandela o roldana

Text Reference: Figure 15.8, page 679

Equivalencia de la conexin: Sistema de resortes

Bolt-and-nut assembly simulated as

bolt-and-joint spring.

Text Reference: Figure 15.9, page 680

 Force vs. Deflection
of Bolt and Member

Force versus deflection of bolt and

member. (s) Seperated bolt and joint; (b)
assembled bolt and joint.

Text Reference: Figure 15.10, page 680

 Fueza vs. Deflexin

P Pi k j ek ( Pi kb ek ) 0
Text Reference: Figure 15.11, page 681
 Bolt and Nut

Figure 15.12 Bolt and

nut. (a) Assembled;
(b) stepped-shaft
representation of
shank and threaded
section.

Text Reference: Figure 15.12, page 682

Bolt and Nut Assembly

Figure 15.13 Bolt-and-nut

assembly with conical fustrum
stress representation of joint.

Ei d c tan f
k ji
( Li tan f d i d c )( d i d c )
2 ln
i
( L tan f d i d c )( d i d c
)

Text Reference: Figure 15.13, page 683

 Gasketed Joint

Figure 15.17 Threaded fastener with unconfined

gasket and two other members.

Db
3 6
Nd
Db
3 6
Nd

Text Reference: Figure 15.17, page 694

 Constants for Joint Stiffness Formula

Modulus of
Poiss ons Elasticity, E, Numerical Constants
Material ratio, GPa Ai Bi
Steel 0. 291 206. 8 0. 78715 0.62873
Aluminum 0. 334 71.0 0. 79670 0.63816
Copper 0. 326 118. 6 0. 79568 0.63553
Gray cast iron 0. 211 100. 0 0. 77871 0.61616

Table 15.3 Constants used in joint stiffness formula [Eq. (15.26)] [From
Wileman et al (1991)]

Text Reference: Table 15.3, page 684

 Example 15.6

Figure 15.14 Hexagonal bolt-and-nut assembly used in Example 15.6. (a)

Assembly and dimensions; (b) dimensions of frustum cone. (All dimensions
are in millimeters.)
Text Reference: Figure 15.14, page 685
 Strength of Bolts (Inches)

Range of Ultimate
cres t tensile Yield Proof
diameters, s trength, S ut, strength, S y, s trength, S p ,
SAE grade in. ksi ksi ks i
1 1/4 - 1 1/2 60 36 33
2 1/4 - 3/4 74 57 55
3/4-1 1/2 60 36 33
4 1/4 - 1 1/2 115 100 65
5 1/4 - 1 120 92 85
1 - 1 1/2 105 81 74
7 1/4 - 1 1/2 133 115 105
8 1/4 - 1 1/2 150 130 120

Table 15.4
Strength of steel bolts for various sizes in inches.

Text Reference: Table 15.4, page 687

 Strength of Bolts (Millimeters)

Ultimate
Crest tensile Yield Proof
diameter, dc , strength, Sut, strength, S y, strength, Sp,
Metric grade mm MPa MPa MPa
4.6 M 5-M 36 400 240 225
4.8 M 1.6-M 16 420 340a 310
5.8 M 5-M 24 520 415a 380
8.8 M 17-M 36 830 660 600
9.8 M 1.6-M 16 900 720a 650
10.9 M 6-M 36 1040 940 830
12.9 M 1.6-M 36 1220 1100 970
aYield strength approximate and not included in standard.

Table 15.5
Strength of steel bolts for various sizes in millimeters.

Text Reference: Table 15.5, page 687

 Coarse and Fine Thread Dimensions
Coars e Threads (U NC) Fine Threads (U N F)
Cres t N umber of Tens ile N umber of Tens ile
diameter, threads per s tres s area, threads per s tres s area,
d c, in. inch, n A t, in. 2 inch, n A t, in. 2
0.0600 - - 80 0.00180
0.0730 64 0.00263 72 0.00278
0.0860 56 0.00370 64 0.00394
0.0990 48 0.00487 56 0.00523 Table 15.6 Dimensions
0.1120 40 0.00604 48 0.00661
0.1250 40 0.00796 44 0.00830 and tensile stress areas for
0.1380 32 0.00909 40 0.01015
0.1640 32 0.0140 36 0.01474 UN coarse and fine
0.1900 24 0.0175 32 0.0200 threads.
0.2160 24 0.0242 28 0.0258
0.3500 20 0.0318 28 0.0364
0.3125 18 0.0524 24 0.0580
0.3750 16 0.0775 24 0.0878
0.4735 14 0.1063 20 0.1187
0.5000 13 0.1419 20 0.1599
0.5625 12 0.182 18 0.203
0.6250 11 0.226 18 0.256
0.7500 10 0.334 16 0.373
0.8750 9 0.462 14 0.509
1.000 8 0.606 12 0.663
1.125 7 0.763 12 0.856
1.250 7 0.969 12 1.073
1.375 6 1.155 12 1.315
1.500 6 1.405 12 1.581
1.750 5 1.90 - -
2.000 4 1/2 2.50 - -

Text Reference: Table 15.6, page 687

 Coarse and Fine Thread Dimensions - Metric

Coars e Threads (MC) Fine Threads (MF)

Cres t Tens ile Tens ile
diameter, Pitch, p, s tres s area, Pitch, p, s tres s area,
d c, mm mm A t, mm2 mm A t, mm2
1 0.25 0.460 - -
1.6 0.35 1.27 0.20 1.57 Table 15.7 Dimensions
2 0.4 2.07 .25 2.45
2.5 0.45 3.39 .35 3.70 and tensile stress areas for
3 0.5 5.03 .35 5.61
4 0.7 8.78 .5 9.79 metric coarse and fine
5 0.8 14.2 .5 16.1 threads.
6 1 20.1 .75 22
8 1.25 36.6 1 39.2
10 1.5 58.0 1.25 61.2
12 1.75 84.3 1.25 92.1
16 2 157 1.5 167
20 2.5 245 1.5 272
24 3 353 2 384
30 3.5 561 2 621
36 4 817 3 865
42 4.5 1121 - -
48 5 1473 - -

Text Reference: Table 15.7, page 69

 Ejercicio Cilindro hidralico

Un cilindro hidrulico de do=150mm y e=2mm sometido a Pi= 250 Kg/cm2 se ha de disear con
n=1(mnimo). Se embridan las piezas de acero, con una junta elstica. Determinar: tornillo a
colocar, calidad, pretensado considerando un 5% de relajacin y espesor de juntas. Atornillos=7%
At,junta

Roscas finas MF

rea Material
Mtric esfuerzo, disponible:
a mm2 calidades
10 61.2 5.8,8.8, 9.8 y
10.9
12 92.1 e
juntas=0,25
mm
16 167 0.5-1-2-3-4
20 272 E2/E1=1400
 Separation of Joint

Figure 15.15 Separation of joint.

Text Reference: Figure 15.15, page 690

 Cyclic Load

Figure 15.16 Forces versus deflection of bolt and joint as function of

time.

Text Reference: Figure 15.16, page 691

 Factor Concentracin Fatiga

Metric Ro lled Cut Fillet

SAE grade g rade threads threads
0-2 3.6-5.8 2.2 2.8 2.1
4-8 6.6-10.9 3.0 3.8 2.3

Factor de concentracin de esfuerzos, incluye el factor

acabado superficial

Kb,axial=1

Text Reference: Table 15.8, page 692

 Ejercicio Fatiga

Disear la junta atornillada que se situara al extremo de un recipiente tal que su

presin varia de 75 a 150 kg/cm2.

a) Pi y n, tal que a 160kg/cm2 acte como vlvula (suponiendo que no hay

fatiga).
b) causa de rotura con el Pi y tornillo anterior.
c) Dimetro de tornillo para evitar fatiga y n fatiga.

Datos: k1=0,153.Tornillo: Calidad 8.8 y 9.8. relajacin 5%.,Nt(15:25)

 Failure Modes of Riveted Fasteners

Figure 15.18 Failure modes due to shear loading of riveted fasteners. (a)
Bending of member; (b) shear of rivet; (c) tensile failure of member; (e)
bearing of rivet on member or bearing of member on rivet.

Text Reference: Figure 15.18, page 695

Example 15.9

Group of riveted fasteners used in Example 15.9. (a) centroid of rivet group Assembly; (b) radii from
centroid to center of rivets; (c) resulting triangles; (d) direct and torsional shear acting on each rivet; (e)
security beding factor (side view of member). (All dimensions are in inches.)

Text Reference: Figure 15.19, page 697

Text Reference: Figure 15.19, page 697
Cortante debido a la torsin

Text Reference: Figure 15.19, page 697

 DATOS Un paso para peatones se remacha a un puente de acero como se indica en la figura. La carga
mxima sobre el paso es equivalente a una carga de 3 000 N, localizada a 2 m del costado del puente de
acero por cada par de remaches. Se supone un factor de seguridad de 5.
HALLAR: El dimetro del remache que se necesita si los remaches estan hechos de acero AISI 1040.

Nota: las fuerzas de tensin

que actan sobre los dos
M 0 0,75P A 0,25PB 2 3000 0
remaches son proporcionales a
PA P
la distancia desde el extremo
inferior de la mnsula B
0,75 0,25
Text Reference: Figure 15.20, page 699
 Fillet Welds

Figure 15.21 Fillet

welds. (a) Cross
section of weld
showing throat and
legs; (b) shear planes.

Text Reference: Figure 15.21, page 701

Geometry and Parameters of Welds

Table 15.9 Geometry

of welds and
parameters used when
considering various
types of loading.
[From Mott (1992)]

Text Reference: Table 15.9, page 703-704

Geometry and Parameters of Welds (cont.)

Table 15.9 Geometry

of welds and
parameters used when
considering various
types of loading.
[From Mott (1992)]

Text Reference: Table 15.9, page 703-704

Geometry and Parameters of Welds (cont.)

Table 15.9
Geometry of
welds and
parameters
used when
considering
various types
of loading.
[From Mott
(1992)]

Text Reference: Table 15.9, page 703-704

 Electrode Properties

Electrode Number Ultimate tensile Yield strength, Sy, Elongation, ek,

strength, S u, ksi ksi pe rcent
E60XX 62 50 17-25
E70XX 70 57 22
E80XX 80 67 19
E90XX 90 77 14-17
E100XX 100 87 13-16
E120XX 120 107 14

Table 15.10 Minimum strength properties of electrode classes.

Text Reference: Table 15.10, page 705

 Example 15.11

Figure 15.22 Welded bracket used in Example

15.11. (a) Dimensions, load and coordinates; (b)
torsional shear stress components at points A
and B. (All dimensions are in millimeters.)

Text Reference: Figure 15.22, page 706

 Fatigue Strength Reduction Factors

Fatigue stress
Type of weld concentration factor, Kf
Reinforced butt weld 1.2
Toe of transverse fillet weld 1.5
End of parallel fillet weld 2.7
T-butt joint with sharp corners 2.0

Table 15.11 Fatigue strength reduction factors for welds.

[From Shigley and Mischke (1989)]

Text Reference: Table 15.11, page 709

 Adhesive Bonded
Joints

Figure 15.23 Four methods of

applying adhesive bonding.
(a) Lap; (b) butt; (c) scarf; (d)
double lap.

Text Reference: Figure 15.23, page 710

 Scarf Joint

Figure 15.24 Scarf

joint. (a) Axial loading;
(b) bending; (c) torsion.

Text Reference: Figure 15.24, page 711

 Integrated (Snap)
Fasteners

Figure 15.25 Common examples of

integrated fasteners. (a) Module
with four cantilever lugs; (b) cover
with two cantilever and two rigif
lugs; (c) seperable snap joints for
chassis cover.

Text Reference: Figure 15.25, page 714

 Cantilever Snap Joint

Figure 15.26 Cantilever snap joint.

Text Reference: Figure 15.26, page 714

 Snap Fastener Design

Figure 15.27 Permissible deflection of different snap fastener cantilever shapes.

Text Reference: Figure 15.27, page 715

 Friction Coefficients for Polymers
Coefficient of f rictio n
On steel On s elf -mated
Material po ly mer
Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE (Teflon) 0. 12-0. 22 -
Polyethylene (rigid) 0. 20-0. 25 0.40-0. 50
Polyethylene (flexible) 0. 55-0. 60 0.66-0. 72
Polypropylene 0. 25-0. 30 0.38-0. 45
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 0. 50-0. 60 0.60-0. 72
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) 0. 50-0. 65 0.60-0. 78
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 0. 55-0. 60 0.55-0. 60
Polystyrene 0. 40-0. 50 0.48-0. 60
Polycarbonate 0. 45-0. 55 0.54-0. 66

Table 15.12 Coefficients of friction for common snap fastener polymers [From
Bayer Corporation (1996)]

Text Reference: Table 15.12, page 716

 Cylinder End Cap Section

Figure 15.28 End cap of hydraulic cylinder for baler application.

Text Reference: Figure 15.28, page 717