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Horizontal Wells:

Configurations and
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Production Technologies

Maurice B. Dusseault
Horizontal Wells
Configurations
Stacked
Multilaterals

Opposed laterals


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Production from Horizontal Wells


Conventional oil, thin zones
Heavy oil

Gravity drainage


Single-Well Configurations

Short radius
Extended reach
Special wells
Inclined drilling
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production


shale Today, anything is possible!

Maximizing contact length increases production, but there are limits of course
Geology is Paramount
Optimum horizontal well placement requires
a high-quality geological model
Where
should
the well
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

go?

Oil & Gas Journal, June 23, 2008, from: Hein F, Cotterill D, Berhane H. Alberta Geological Survey, Earth Sciences Report 2000-7
Slant Well Drilling for SAGD Implementation
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production
Multiple Branch Completions

Multiple zone wells


Double or triple laterals
Fish-bone wells
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Multilateral wells
+Combinations of these
Multi-Levels Alaska (BP)

Flow Thru Guidestock for Level 2 Applications Plop & Drop upper
Coil tubing or drill pipe re-entry liner (10-20 ft out)
Junction made in OA
Sand
World first hollow
7" 26 lb/ft casing
guidestock for re-
entry
C
EN
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

TR
IL
IF

Lateral Size: 6 1/8


T

openhole with 4 1/2
slotted liner
8,700 ft MD Production: ESP or
+/- 3,500 ft long 6 1/8
openhole laterals
Jet Pump commingled
with 4 1/2" 12.6 lb/ft production
Flow Thru Guidestock slotted liner
MPU first Shallow
ERD wells
Multi-Levels Lifting Systems
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Petrozuata Project - Venezuela


Horizontal Well Placement
A good geological model is essential!
Following thin zones remains challenging
New Schlumberger technology is interesting
Placement in the zone is important
High in the zone if water injection is used
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

At the base if gravity drainage is used

Following the most permeable zones

Etc

Drilling can be difficult in depleted zones


Some Production Schemes
Using Horizontal Wells
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production
Gravity Stabilized Waterflooding

Water in
Production
Well placed near
the top of the zone
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Density difference:
oil ~ 0.80-0.90
water ~ 1.03 1.10

Use cleaned, recycled formation water if possible (geochemical compatibility)


Bottom-up Waterflooding
Takes advantage of density differences
Production well at top of zone
Water injected at the bottom, tends to drop
A good vertical permeability - kv- is needed
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Water ingress into the production well can


be progressively shut-off if needed
Can be conducted above the bubble point so
there is no permeability reduction from gas
Do not overdrive! Keep it stable.
Horizontals in Dipping Strata

Production well
The natural dip in this case adds
greatly to the stability of the
displacement process.
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

o ~ 0.8 - 0.9
Shale barrier

w ~ 1 1.03 The use of polymers may


help the sweep efficiency
Injection wells, horizontal or vertical,
depending on geology and dip
Fracturing in Horizontal Wells

Surface

Wellbore azimuth 0
- Axial fractures Wellbore azimuth 90 -
Transverse fractures
Reservoir
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

sv

shmin

sHMAX In this example, sv > sHMAX > shmin

Improvements in kv can be achieved with fracturing


Single-Well HCS

Production mechanisms Pump jack


Initially, mainly Dp driven
As dilated zone grows,
recompaction effects!
As chamber grows, more Steam tubing
gravity drainage effect!
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Pump

Heating zone

Slotted liner section


Horizontal Well DT Effects

The first vertical steam fracture increases s3, leading to


+DT initiation of a second fracture, likely farther down the
casing. s3 in region 2 goes up, a third fracture starts

Eventually, shmin is no longer s3;


then fractures change orientation
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

+s3 +s3
1
2
sv 3
s3

This effect distributes heat more evenly along the well length
Shell Canada Radial CSS

Single production Cyclic Production/


wellbore Steam Injection

Several multilateral
radial arms
Casing Windows
CSS strategy:
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Multilateral
Tiebacks 4 Laterals
Injection of steam
Soak period
Production cycle
Repeat 110 m
Shell Canada Radial CSS

Single production
wellbore
Several multilateral
radial arms
Two branches for each
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

~500 m
multilateral
Provides uniform
reservoir coverage
Tried in 2000-2003
Not used now
Horizontal Well Cyclic Steam

Horizontal cyclic steam pad


Surface drilling
and well pad

Wells may be monobores, multi-


exits or multilaterals
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Oblique view
Plan view
Wells and Pump Locations

Mother well
Production tubing

H
~0.85H
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

reservoir Daughter wells

Production pump
The single vertical well may
have up to four daughter
wells (more is problematic)
Mega-Pattern for HCS

Maximum steam transmission


Block A distance on surface is ~500 m

Wells in both Block A and B are


~1 km

Drilling and steamed and sequentially.


production pad Steaming a group of wells will
take from 2-4 weeks to 12-15
Steam generation weeks, depending when in the
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

and heat scavenging cycles (longer near the end).


~1 km

Drilling and If a soak period is required


production pad between cycles, production is
delayed accordingly (e.g. 5-10 d)
Block B 1.6-1.8 km
Production of the steamed group
This pattern can be repeated takes place, a new group is
steamed, etc.
across the property
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

~1 km
Multilaterals and Pad HCS
Post-HCS Inert Gas Injection

Inert gas injection wells Mature HCS Pad


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production
HCS Followed by IGI

Plan view

After HCS (RF ~ 35%), IGI is


implemented to displace the hot
oil to the horizontal wells. Extra
thermal cycles are possible as
well, or steam may be injected
into the vertical wells cyclically
with a non-condensing gas
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

vertical
IGI wells
gas

Section view

HCS wells 70-100 m oil production


Inert Gas Injection, Flat-Lying Strata

DV/Dt]oil + water CO2, N2, CH4,


= DV/Dt]gas vertical wells other gases

(voidage filled)
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

3-phase no Dp, no Dp ~ 0
region gas coning

2-phase no Dp, no horizontal


region H2O coning wells
Gravity Drainage of Reefs

Oil bank is squeezed previous injection/


into the horizontal well production wells
by proper pressure control are used to balance
so that density controls flow voidage, control coning

new horizontal
well trajectory gas cap (wells can
be converted to
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

methane or inert
gas injection) low Dp
gas
inj.

horizontal well
bottom water drive placement based
(some wells are on permeability and
converted to
water injection) D drainage rates
IGI, With Reservoir Structure

inert gas injection


gas rates are controlled to
avoid gas (or water) coning mainly
gas
three-phase zone
horizontal wells
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

parallel to structure
oil bank, two-phase zone

D
water-wet sand

water,

Dp
one phase best to monitor
the process;
if coning develops,
drop pressures!
If there are Shale Streaks?

inert gas injection


gas rates are controlled to
avoid gas (or water) coning mainly
gas

three-phase
zone
horizontal wells
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

parallel to water

oil bank, two-phase


zone, water-wet sand

water,
one
phase
Voidage balance necessary!
Cross-Section, Canada Sands

Production Injection

Ground

Glacial Gravel and Till

130m
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Colorado Group
300m
Mannville
395m
Clearwater A & B 450m

McMurray Oil Sands


525m

Paleozoic Limestone

Courtesy Neil Edmunds, EnCana


SAGD Schematic

SAGD Facility

EAST

Courtesy Neil Edmunds, EnCana


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Oil Producer Steam Injector

Steam Chamber

Slots

Oil Sand Formation


Steam Flow

Oil Flow

Q:\Facility\SAGD\Sag-0022.cdr
Inclined Wells in SAGD

Some claims for inclined wells


Better heat distribution along the well length
Better pump feed, less steam flashing

No fluid build-up at the toe

Slightly improved steam-oil ratios (SOR)


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

700-800 m

20-40 m 3-5 m

Lost resources here


HCS + CHOPS SAGD?

Sequence: CHOPS, then HCS, then conversion to SAGD using vert/horz wells combination

steam injection
Rapid spreading Converted
occurs when hot zones CHOPS wells
touch disturbed zones
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

yielded
zone

Converted
HCS wells
Sequenced HCS and SAGD
A B C D

3.5-4.5h
double or single HW

Sequence from A to D:
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

A: Early cycle HCS, shales being


HCS phase
broken by thermal shearing,
sv expansion, high-p fracturing
B: Late cycles HCS, steam
pressure - p

SAGD phase conformance is fairly good, oil


po rates/cycle just start to decline
A B C D C: Early SAGD, chamber walls being
smoothed out by gravity flow
time
D: Late SAGD, chamber fully
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 mature, oil flows easily through
fractured shales
Husky Energy
Pikes Peak Two SAGD well pairs

Long-stroke Rotaflex pump


pump jack
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Steam lines
Injection well
Lifting Technologies
Conventional rod pumps
Rotaflex and hydraulic rod pumps
ESP (no sand)
PC and ES-PC (can handle some sand)
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Gas lift approaches


New concepts (E-lift, downhole hydraulics,
etc.
This is a rapidly evolving area
New VAPEX Configurations

Sectional view

Warm HC Diluted oil


Diluted oil vapor production
production injection
Vapor path
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Chamber growth

Underburden

3000 m
Offset-Horizontal Well Solvent

Well to aid initial communication and for


later control of non-miscible gases pressure

Gravitational segregation
of gases and liquids Solvent
Swept zone
injection
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Inert gas region

Diluted oil flow down gravitational gradient

Production well p kept just above bottom Bottom water


water pressure, very low p sustained
The Best Results Were
In reservoirs with dips Production Injection
to help counteract
instabilities dip

In projects using
peripheral line drive Reservoir
starting from the top
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Hence, avoid pattern


processes, stick to line
systems
Horizontal wells are
undoubtedly best
Romanian
case
Low-T Air Injection

Combustion gases

Gravitational segregation
of gases and liquids Swept zone Air injection
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Oil displacement

Production well p kept just Bottom water


above bottom water pressure
Top-Down ISC (or Air Injection)
Combustion gas withdrawal??

AIR AIR
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

BURN
FRONT
MOBILIZED
OIL

HORIZONTAL WELL

R. Coats, 1995
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Bottom-Up Air Injection?


The THAI Process

Air or O2 (H2O) Product

Horizontal well enforces a short


flow and reaction zone, traditional
instabilities are greatly reduced
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Combustion zone Mobile gas and oil bank

Cold reservoir
heel
toe
bypassing?
The THAI Process - II

Hot combustion zone


Warm gas and liquid flow
Plan view
Vertical
injectors

Unswept (cold) formation


Swept formation
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Horizontal producers

~500 m
Post-HCS Air Injection

Mature HCS Pad


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Air injection rows, post-HCS


Horizontal Wells
Horizontal wells have revolutionized oil
production technologies
Can be used for
Conventional oil, gravity or drive
Heavy oil, solvents or steam (SAGD, HCS)
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Perhaps in situ combustion in the future

There are many configurations to be tried


Also, sequencing of technologies with
horizontal wells is very promising
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

The Hamaca Project, Venezuela


Location of Hamaca

United
States

Mexico

Caribbean
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Sea

Venezuela

HAMACA Ownership
ConocoPhillips - 40%
ChevronTexaco - 30% Hamaca
PDVSA - 30% Orinoco Belt
(Faja del Orinoco)
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

ChevronTexaco Hamaca Project


Reservoir Characteristics
Sand Character Unconsolidated
Porosity 30 - 32%
Permeability 1 - 17 Darcy
Compressibility 5 - 1010-6 kPa-1
Depth 550 - 750 m
Temperature 40 - 60C
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Pressure 4.3 - 8.3 MPa


Gravity 8 - 10API
Viscosity (live, with CH4) 1200 - 2500 cP
Viscosity (dead) 5000+ cP
Solution Gas Ratio 10 - 13 m3/m3 oil (h ~ .16 - .20)
(60-70 scf/bbl)
Hamaca Product Stream

PRODUCTION UPGRADING
Synthetic crude oil
180,000 b/d
26 API
SHIPPING
Diluted crude
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

190,000 b/d

Hamaca Bitumen 8-9 API

Combustion Coke 4000 t/d Sulfur 600 t/d


Shipping
Stockpiling Shipping Stockpiling
Project Expectations
Begin production facilities development work
and optimization in 2001
Full commercial production achieved in 2004
Production: 190,000 b/d bitumen
Well life of 12-15 years per well
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Expected project life: 30 years at the same rate

Should expand with new technologies (SAGD,

CHOPS, HCS) e.g. Suncor Canada > 40 y


Oil in place in the project area: ~30 109 b
Expected recovery: ~2.2 109 b - 7.2%
Hamaca Development Progression

Bare Field
B Block
MFB-400 MFB-387

H Block
A4 A5

Development Production Area


(4 pads)
MFH-9 B4 B5
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

MFH-15
N
MFH-16
C4 C5
5000
Commercial Production Area
(First 4 ComProd pads)
D4 D5
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Compact Pad Development


Well Placement Issues
Maximize the contact length of each well
with the productive zones of the reservoir
Achieved with multi-lateral branches
Executed using real-time bit steering
However:
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

The reservoir is highly complex (fluvio-deltaic)


Seismic resolution is poor

Drilling rates are very high (average 200 m/hr)

A static whole earth model is needed


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Fluvio-Deltaic Complexity
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Sequence of Strata in the Faja


Alberta Geology 115 MYBP
West East
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Sub-Cretaceous Unconformity

Sands Muds Carbonates Evaporites

Block diagram portraying a later stage of McMurray sedimentation,


during initial transgression of the Boreal Sea.
Courtesy Neil Edmunds
Venezuela Architecture
Seq .
Base level
GR Strat .
cycles Ma
16.8
Architecture
MFS M1
Long term base

Upper delta pl.


A
level fall

MFS M9 17.0

DELTAIC
B
MFS M12 17.1

Lower delta pl.


C1
MFS
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

M14 17.3

C2
Long term base level rise

TS/
MFS Top D1 19.1

D1 Top D2
FLUVIAL

Alluvial/Upper delta plain


D2 Top D3

D3
Top E1

E1 Top E2

E2 Top F

F
Base F.
23.8 Cambrian/Cretaceous sedimentary rocks
Unconformity
AREA SHOWN
Karazhanbasmunai

POLAND BELARUS
Pavlodar
R U S S I Samara
A
O renburg
UKRAINE
O rsk
KAZAKHSTAN
Karazhanbas
MOLDOVA
ROMANIA
Volgograd
O dessa
Field Balkhash
Lake
Sea of
Azov Tikhoretsk Atyrau
Astrakhan
BULGARIA Novorossiysk
Burgas Almaty
BLACK Aral
Tuapse Sea
Bosp
orus SEA Bishkek
Istanbul Aktau KYRGYZSTAN
Aegean Se

M akhachkala UZ Shymkent
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Samsun Supsa GEORGIA CASPIAN BE


Batumi SEA KI
Ankara
ST CHINA
TURKEY AN
a

ARMENIA
Baku
AZERBAIJAN Turkmenbashy TAJIKISTAN
AZERB
Ceyban TURKMENISTAN
Neka
MEDITERRANEAN Tehran
SEA INDIA
LEBANON
SYRIA

Baghdad
AFGHANISTAN
ISRAEL
IRAQ IRAN O il Pipeline
JORDAN Proposed oil pipeline
Tanker route

Kuwait PAKISTAN O il port


EGYPT P
er
si 0 mi 300
SAUDI ARABIA a
n
G Bandar-e Abbas
u
lf 0 km 300
Buzachi Peninsula Area
Kulsary

Atyrau

Astrakhan
PreCaspian Basin

TENGIZ
CASPIAN Tengiz
SEA ARMAN
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

(Kerr-McGee)
N. BUZACHI
(Texaco)
KALAMKAS
(MMG)
KARAZHANBASSHELF
Karazhanbas
(NECL)

Roads
Oil Pipelines

Aktau
General Stratigraphy

KARAZHANBAS OILFIELD

Subsea 121 154 203 828 4073 710 715 2205 1747 2147
1732 91 53 1126 607 551 493 432 5389 1532 1536 1540 1543 1546 1549 1552 1555 1559 4382 43844386 4388 4406 2715 157 133 Subsea
Depth <2,016MTR> <1,916MTR> <1,236MTR> <1,003MTR> <689MTR> <763MTR> <406MTR> <554MTR> <504MTR> <458MTR> <461MTR> <403MTR> <513MTR> <494MTR> <816MTR> <599MTR> <878MTR> <591MTR> <597MTR> <450MTR> <450MTR> <449MTR> <450MTR> <452MTR> <598MTR> <389MTR> <897MTR> <1,667MTR> <2,929MTR> <2,035MTR> Depth
-225 -225

-250
Object 1 -250

-275 Object 2 Cretaceous -275

-300
Object 3 -300

-325
Jurassic -325

313 A1
320
323
-350 325 -350
330 B
332
338
341 345 V
348
348 350 350
-375 -375
356 356 356 357
A1 358 361 360 360
362
G
B
-400 375 -400
380

V
D
395 396

-425 -425

G J1
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

-450 -450

436 440
D
440

-475

459 Central Part of KBM -475


J2

J1s
-500 -500

484 480

-525 J1n -525

509

-550
T
-550

541
J2o
-575 -575

-600 -600

J2l
-625 -625

-650
WT

630
West-East Regional Strike Section E -650

-675 -675

663

PET RA 4/13/2001 9:34:58 AM


Logging & Interpretation

Findings Based On Immediate Log Interpretation Data


230

A_TOP

38%, 277 md
Field: Karazhanbas Well name: 3185
35%, 255md
30%, 255md
34%, 249md
A_BASE Elevation: -20.6m Date: 9/2/2001 Bottom: 433.0m
240

Gross Net Total net Saturation


Shaliness, Porosity, Permeabilit Resistivity, Fluid of
Top, m Bottom, m Horizon thickness, thickness, pay Lithology
fraction fraction y, mD Sw, fraction So, fraction ohmm saturation
B_TOP
m m thickness,
28%, 16md
B_BASE
Neocomian 216.0-293.0
250

V_TOP
0 0.00 0.00 water
1 221.0 222.0 A1 1.0 1.0 4.4 0 0.00 0.00 water
0 0.00 0.00 water
V_BASE 2 B 0.8 0 0.00 0.00 water
3 V 1.4 0 0.00 0.00 water
260

G4_TOP
G_TOP
0 0.00 0.00 water
36%,
G4_BASE 59md 0 0.00 0.00 water
4 G 4.5
0 0.00 0.00 water
0 0.00 0.00 water
270

Jurassic 293,0-433,0 0.00 0.00 water


5 299.0 299.8 0.8 0.8 0.26 0.33 368 0.15 0.85 12.0 aleurolite oil
300.5 301.0 0.5 0.5 0.18 0.34 727 0.08 0.92 30.0 clayey sandstone oil
6
301.0 304.5 3.5 3.5 0.05 0.37 926 0.06 0.94 41.0 sandstone oil
280
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

G2_TOP
7 307.0 321.0 14.0 14.0 0.17 0.36 784 0.08 0.92 30.0 clayey sandstone oil
G2_BASE
36%, 179md
G1_TOP 8 326.0 334.4 J1 8.4 8.4 38.0 0.28 0.36 502 0.12 0.88 15.0 aleurolite oil
37%,
G1_BASE
G_BASE
165md 9 341.0 343.0 2.0 2.0 0.33 0.34 279 0.17 0.83 8.8 aleurolite oil
345.4 348.8 3.4 3.4 0.22 0.34 231 0.19 0.81 7.2 clayey sandstone oil
290

10 348.8 351.0 2.2 2.2 0.19 0.36 420 0.13 0.87 12.0 clayey sandstone oil
351.0 354.2 3.2 3.2 0.18 0.37 356 0.15 0.85 9.0 clayey sandstone oil
11 369.4 370.0 0.6 0.6 0.17 0.37 28 0.38 0.62 1.8 clayey sandstone oil
12 371.0 372.0 1 1 3.6 0.54 0.30 24 0.40 0.60 2.8 clayey aleurolite oil
J2
300

13 373.0 374.4 1.4 1.4 0.19 0.36 46 0.34 0.66 2.5 clayey sandstone oil
D _TOP
D _BASE 14 379.0 389.0 10 10 0.19 0.36 0.61 0.39 0.9 clayey sandstone water
310

J 1U _TOP

XXX Wireline Contractor


J 1_TOP

34%, 87md

36%, 190md

Primary Log Analysis is performed in Aktau by


320

36%, 232md
38%, 324md
34%, 98md experienced National Petrophysicist
330

38%, 322md

31%, 81md
J 1U35%,125md
_BASE

J 1M_TOP

36%, 134md Interpretation & Mapping performed in Houston


and Geneva
340

35%,
J 1M_BASE 53md
350

PET RA 1/ 30/ 2002 9: 50: 42 AM (Powerpoint T emplat e. CST )


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Geological Complexity at KBM


Static Whole Earth Model
A 3-D lithostratigraphic model
Based on high-resolution seismic data (3-D)
Based core data from stratigraphic wells

Based on geophysical logs in the wells

The whole earth model must be:


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Easily updated with new data


Fully correlated with MWD measurements

Easily accessible to crews and office people


simultaneously during drilling
Available for rapid management decisions
Decision-Making
Strategic decisions:
Capture all data to use in next lateral drilling
Complete model update cycle of 2-4 days

Tactical decisions:
Update the drilling prognosis in real-time
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Available to all for real-time decisions

Used during build and horizontal sections

Communications
Multidisciplinary: geologists, drillers, engineers
Provision of knowledge to management
Tactical Decisions
Maximize reservoir intersection length >80%
Manage steering decisions (up, down, L, R)
Maximize rig utilization efficiency
Waiting and circulating is not an option
Provision of data at the rig site
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Coping with surprises with an experts team


Use of statistics based on all past data
Develop different guidelines for different
lithofacies in the complex fluvio-deltaic zone
Whole Earth Model Strategic Use
Updating the whole earth model
2-4 days for complete quantitative update
Continuous geological model re-interpretation

Calibration of MWD data (resistivity, gamma)

Selection of completion interval


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Well redesign
Optimizing redesign of zone choice
Choosing multilateral design (herringbone, etc)

Delays between multilateral legs or wells are


permitted, but not during the lateral drilling
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Control Room

Experts on the team


Rig-Site Data Room
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

MWD data is displayed in real-time, along with earth model data, drilling parameters
Insite Data Management Tool

Real
data
from
MWD
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

3-D Well Path + Whole Earth Data


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Elements of the Multilateral Well


Multilaterals Placement

2-D representation only Pilot wells

200 m thick sequence Upper zones


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Channel sands Lower zones

Water sand Water sand


3-D View of Multilateral Concept

Drilling pad
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Color-coded based on
desired parameter set

Stacked horizontal wells


with multiple laterals
Vertical View of Well Patterns

Development area where the


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

technology was perfected


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

CP Horizontals in Venezuela
Ameriven Experience in Drilling
Max length of slotted liner 7312 ft
Max horizontal in 12 hrs 4657 ft
Max horizontal 1-day drilling 6115 ft
Max total L in one well 26,454 ft
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Max measured well length 10,611 ft


Total feet drilled (09/04) >500,000 ft
ExxonMobil have drilled one multilateral
well with >35,000 ft aggregate length
Hence, these wells have huge contact L
Well PI: Initial Plan vs. Actual

Initial Productivity Index, BOPD/PSI


35

30

25

20
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

15

10

5
PLAN

0
A5- A5- A5- A5- A5- A5- A5- A5- A5- B5- B5- B5- B5- B5- B5- B5- B5- B5- B5- B5- B5-
P01 P02 P03 P04 P05 P06 P07 P08 P09 P01 P02 P03 P04 P05 P06 P08 P09 P10 P11 P12 P13
175 155 155 175 125 155 125 125 125 125 255 255 175 175 155 155 155 125 125 125 125

A well with PI = 6 can produce 1500 BOPD @ 250 psi


drawdown based on initial production
A Single Lateral Performance Test
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Petrozuata Project Publications


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Petrozuata, 2002 (better now!)


CP Wells in Venezuela
Multilaterals
Solution gas drive All laterals in fluvial channels
Life 12-16 years All sands
RF ~12-15% At least one lateral in a marine sand
Single Laterals
Fluvial channels
All sands
Marine sands
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Oil rate - bopd

From: Schlumberger Oilfield Review - 2002

Elapsed time - days Source Schlumberger Oilfield Review


Fishbone Patterns (Stacked)
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Petrozuata Publications
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Fishbones, Side View


Other Developments
Solvent injection at the toe of the mother
well improves behavior significantly
Controlling the drawdown rate to maximize
the recovery factor
Future use of the mother well for other
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

technologies (pulsing, thermal??)


PC pumps are very effective in these cases
Upgrading improvements
The Faja del Orinoco Treasure
A thick zone up to 150 m with a number of
sub-zones, fining upward
The bottom part:
Thick, good channels, high k (4 15 D)
Economical with multilaterals as first option
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Recovery factor (local) 10-12%

The upper part:


Thinner zones, lower k (0.5 5 D)
Horizontal multilaterals are not suitable

CHOPS is a better first option (RF ~20%)


CHOPS in Upper Sands in Ven.?

Upper zone:

Low strength (10-15 MPa)


High porosity (35%)
Low viscosity
Peak sand size = 0.25 mm
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

D1-sand
Lower zone:

Higher strength (15-25 MPa)


Lower porosity (31%)
Higher viscosity
Peak sand size = 0.8 mm

I estimate that there are 30-40 billion


barrels recoverable by CHOPS from
the Upper Faja, >220 by SAGD, HCS
Post-Multilateral Production
Enhance the recovery from the lower zones
SAGD or Fast-SAGD or HCS (all steam)
SAGD + VAPEX combination

Air injection or THAI

Pressure pulse stimulation of flow


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Waterflooding (?)

Initiate recovery in upper zones


Steam methods unlikely to be commercial
CHOPS in zones <15 m

VAPEX in zones >10 m


Technical Needs
Improve simulation capability
In the multilateral cold method
For later technologies (CHOPS, HCS)

Improve physics understanding


Understand foamy oil behavior
Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Re-compaction drive and gravity drainage

Surveillance
4-D seismic improvements
Deformation analysis for {DV} distribution
Use of Appropriate Technologies
In the Faja, Cold Production is used
Because they can! But only in best zones
RF of 11-13% in 50-60% of the zones, 0% in others

Overall recovery 7-7.5% with current approach

In Kazakhstan, switched to CHOPS


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

Keeping 2nd technology options open


CSS SAGD in thicker zones

In Canada, Cold Production is too slow


CHOPS or SAGD are favored
HCS in Peace River, Cold Lake (poorer zones)
Conclusions
CP technology is economically successful
Exotic well installations mean that well drilling
costs are high, but acceptable
Recovery factors are currently low

There is a great deal of upside


Horizontal Wells and Cold Production

The deposits are vast


New technologies will be applied

Application of developments to other viscous oil


deposits around the world
Micro-engineering improvements

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