MACHINE TOOL

Infinitely Variable drive system for Machine Tools

INFINITELY VARIABLE DRIVE
Advantages
Possible to attain optimum cutting condition
Important in reduction of handling time, because
speed, feed can be changed without stopping the
machine.
Constant cutting speed can be obtained for stepped
shaft and irregular contour.
Tool life is improved and high surface finish.
Reduce vibration and noiseless.
Uniform surface finish
CLASSIFICATION OF INFINITELY VARIABLE
DRIVE

Infinitely Variable drives

Electrical and
Mechanical
Electronic Hydraulic Combined

Friction Form drive

Drive (PIV)
MECHANICAL INFINITELY VARIABLE
DRIVE
Through the axial displacement of roller A, the
effective diameter of roller B is varied infinitely
and thus the transmission ratio, i is changed
continuously,

r
i
R
FRICTION DRIVES
PK DRIVE
WUELFEL KOPP TOURATOR
WUELFEL KOPP TOURATOR
WUELFEL KOPP TOURATOR
HEYNAU DRIVE
Consists of two cones and
an intermediate link
which is a hardened
ground ring.
P.I.V(POSITIVE INFINITELY VARIABLE) DRIVE
P.I.V(POSITIVE INFINITELY VARIABLE)
DRIVE

PIV Chains

PIV Conical Disc

P.I.V DRIVE
 PIV DRIVE SPEED SETTING
Maximum speed setting adjusts input
shaft wheels close together to form a large
driving diameter. This automatically
separates output shaft wheels to form a
small driven diameter.

Minimum speed setting Adjust input shaft

wheels wide apart to form a small driving
diameter. This automatically closes output
shaft wheels to form a large driven diameter.
 JAW CLUTCHES

Speed can be changed by

engaging and disengaging
clutches with levers.
Advantages of this speed
changing method-

They require small axial

movement.
Helical and herringbone gear
can be used.
Force required to shift them
less than that for sliding
cluster gear
 FRICTION CLUTCHES

Limiting torque capacity

High torque capacity

large axial and radial dimension

 HYDRAULIC DRIVE SYSTEM
Used pressurized oil to transmit energy
Higher the viscosity index, better the oil

Thinner the oil higher the leakage problem but

lower energy loss in pipe lines and valves
Viscosity index 90 is most suited

Other fluid properties:

Compressibility
Stable chemical composition
Low moisture content
Low coefficient of thermal expansion
Low air inclusion
HYDRAULIC DRIVE SYSTEM
 HYDRAULIC DRIVE SYSTEM

Advantages:
Relatively small (e.g. aeronautical industry)

Simple and smooth speed reversion (e.g. Grinding

m/c table)
Infinitely variable speed and feed

Programme control and overload protection

Self lubricating effect

Disadvantages:
High production cost

Throttling action heats the viscous medium

Leakage reduces the efficiency

Not easy to repair

HYDRAULIC PUMPS CLASSIFICATION
 GEAR PUMP

Direction of the delivery depends on rotation

Having two three or more gears
Oil fills up the tooth gap and is carried
Oil is squeezed out of the tooth gap and pumped
Having no backlash and good fitting minimize
leakage
Rough running caused by sealing of tooth gap during
meshing
Quieter running attained by helical and herringbone
gear
GEAR PUMP(EXTERNAL & INTERNAL)
GEAR PUMP (EXTERNAL)
 GEAR PUMP FLOW RATE
1 bm
Q 2 . d 2m d 2m
2 2

4 2 1000
8dm.b.n Q= Theoretical Flow rate(l/min)
Q .
4 1000 d= Pitch diameter(cm)
dmbn m= Module(cm)
Q l / min b=gear width(cm)
500
n=gear speed(rpm)
Tm 2bn T=Number of teeth of gear
Q l / min
500
P=Power of the electric motor
p=Delivery Pressure
= Mechanical efficiency=0.6-0.8
C= Conversion Factor
GEAR PUMP(EXTERNAL)
SCREW PUMP
 SCREW PUMP

Pump all types of fluids and slurries

Consists of 2,3 or 5 right and left hand threaded shafts

Oil moves in the axial direction

No turbulence because of no squeezing of oil

Well balanced and noiseless

 SCREW PUMP

General specification:
Supply rate varies from
3-5000 l/min
Speed 1500-300 rpm
Working pressure
10-15 x 10^5 Pascal (low
pressure)
30-60 x 10^5 Pascal
(medium pressure)
60-175 x 10^5 Pascal
(high pressure)
SCREW PUMP (CAPACITY FOR SINGLE
PISTON

Approximate Supply rate

The Power,

d= screw diameter
h=thread channel depth
b= width of the thread channel (at screw diameter)
n= screw speed
p=working pressure of the pump
= efficiency (approximately 0.7)
C= conversion factor
VANE PUMP (EXTERNAL SUPPLY TYPE)
 VANE PUMP

Rotor having a fixed axis placed eccentrically

Vanes reciprocate along radial slots
Increase of space between two successive vanes cause
suction
Oil squeezed out due to decrease of space between
vanes
Distance between the inlet and outlet of the pump
should cover at least two vanes to avoid direct
communication between suction and delivery
Volume of supply depends on eccentricity
VANE PUMP (INTERNAL SUPPLY TYPE)

Limitations:
Vanes are subjected to side
wise thrust. High accuracy
required to manufacture
Frictional loss (Efficiency=
0.7-0.75)
Necessary to maintain low
eddy loss and low
temperature
PISTON PUMP(RADIAL)

Radial Piston pump

Maximum supply rate 500

l/min

High oil pressure can be

obtained(150 x 10^5 pascal)
PISTON PUMP(RADIAL)
PISTON PUMP(RADIAL) SUPPLY RATE

Where, d= Cylinder bore diameter

h=Stroke length of the piston
z= number of pistons
n= rotor speed
because h= 2e , where e is the eccentricity
 PISTON PUMP(AXIAL)
Axial piston pump
Cylinder body
remain static
Movement of
piston is controlled
by swash plate
Torque is
transmitted
through universal
joint thus limited
PISTON PUMP(AXIAL)
PISTON PUMP(AXIAL) SUPPLY RATE

Where,
d= Cylinder bore diameter
h=Piston displacement
=2r tan
r= Radius of the piston
circle
= Angle of the inclination
of the swash plate
z= number of pistons
n= rotor speed
 FORST-ENOR DRIVE

Consists of
2 3 1
1. A hydraulic vane
pump
2. A hydraulic motor
3. A casing
4. Oil supply line
Type of control:
1. Pump regulation
2. Motor regulation
Characteristic Curves for the pump and motor
Regulation of Frost-Enor drive system
Characteristic curves of a hydraulic drive for
combined regulation
 HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS

Convert the hydraulic

energy of a fluid into the
kinetic energy of piston.
Consist of
Hydraulic pump
Fluid distributing device
Cylinder with piston and
piston rod
HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS
ELECTRICAL DRIVE SYSTEM (CLASSIFICATION)
 WARD-LEONARD SET

Ward-Leonard Set:
Possible to attain infinitely variable speed
Consists of

A: Induction m/c C: Main motor E: Variable Resistance

B: DC generator D: Exciter F: Magnetic Field