Ventilation systems

Guided by: Submitted by

Ar. Kirti Hinge I Group I
Context
1. What is ventilation?
2. Types of ventilation
3. Natural ventilation
4. Traditional methods of ventilation
5. Day- to- day methods of ventilation
6. Artificial ventilation
7. Air conditioning
What is ventilation?
Ventilation is the process by which fresh air moved
around the building. Good ventilation is essential for the
comfort and safety of building occupants, and in many
cases subject to a legal minimum requirement.
Definition and need
It can be defined as the free movement of air in an
enclosed area or space .
Ventilation can also be defined as the process of removing
or supplying air by natural or mechanical means
Necessity of ventilation
Keep fresh air for respiratory system
respiratory system

Control the moisture level

Preserve correct level

Of Oxygen in the air

Lowering the heat level

Control Carbon Dioxide

Remove dust and odors

General features
1 Orientation of building
As a general rule. Thin ,tall buildings will encounter more
natural ventilation and utilize prevailing winds and stack effect
Tall buildings also increase the effectiveness of natural
ventilation because wind speeds are faster
 General features
2 OPENING SIZE 3 OPENING TYPE

LARGE SMALL
OUTLET INLET

Pairing a large outlet with Opening can be of any type

a small inlet increases according to the building type
incoming wind speed. and climatic condition
Natural ventilation
TYPES
Types of ventilation systems
Natural ventilation Artificial ventilation
Also known as passive Also known as mechanical
ventilation ventilation
Natural ventilation
The Natural Ventilation is the process of supplying and removing
air through a space by natural means it can be achieved with open
able windows or trickle vents
The process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space
without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external
air to an indoor space as a result of pressure or temperature
difference
How to achieve natural
ventilation?
NATURAL VENTILATION AND AIR MOVEMENT CAN BE SIMPLY
ACHEVIED BY STRUCTURAL CONTROLS AS IT DOES NOT DEPENDS ON
ANY FORM OF EXTERNAL ENERGY SUPPLY OR MECHANICAL
INSTALLATION.
Natural ventilation
The process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space
without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external
air to an indoor space as a result of pressure or temperature
difference
Types of natural ventilation
1. wind flow 2. buoyancy
Natural ventilation
TRADITIONAL METHODS
Traditional methods
Technique of natural ventilation stared since historic times according to
the climate

Typical section through Shahanjanabad house. To facilitate the movement of

cooler air into the house , parapets were not built towards the courtyard.
Traditional methods
DUE TO INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION IN A COURTYARD, AIR GETS
WARMER AND RISES , COOL AIR FROM GROUND LEVEL FLOWS
THROUGH THE LOWER OPENINGS

RADIATION TO SKY

LANDSCAPE OR WATER BODY

Traditional methods

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INDIAN STUDIES (GURGAON):-

 Traditional methods

WINDOW FOR VIEW AND JALI

MULTI-DIRECTIONAL VENTILATION USED AT
WINDCATCHER AMBER FORT
DOUBLE APERTURES USED
FOR ENSURING VENTILATION
N SHAHJAHANABAD
HOUSES

COLUMN COURTYARD COOLING SYSTEM

-DIWAN E-KHAS, RED FORT, DELHI
Natural ventilation
DAY-TO-DAY TECHNIQUES
Techniques
General openings
Stack effect
Wind tower/ catcher
Courtyard effect
Solar Chimneys
General openings
Natural ventilation can be achieved by openings. The given figures shows
different type of such ventilation obtained by various positioning of
windows
 Stack effect
STACK EFFECT DEPENDS ON THERMAL FORCES AND DIFFERENCE IN
TEMPERATURE .
REASON OF STACK EFFECT :-
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OUTSIDE AIR AND THE AIR
INSIDE THE BUILDING CAUSED BY DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE

Outdoor air Outdoor air

Section
Stack effect
 TALL ROOMS TALL ROOMS AT EDGE

TALL ROOMS WITHIN STAIRS AS STACK

Wind towers
AIR ENTERS IN WIND TOWER THROUGH OPENINGS- COOLED DOWN-
BECOMES HEAVIER AND SINKS DOWN ( PRESENCE OF AIR
MOVEMENT)
AFTER WHOLE DAY AIR EXCHANGE TOWER BECOMES WARM IN THE
EVENING .
TOWER WALLS ABSORBS HEAT DURING DAYTIME AND RELASES AT
NIGHT WARMING COOL NIGHT AIR AT NIGHT.
Wind tower
WATER SUPPLY

MULTI DIRECTIONAL WIND CATCHER

Artificial ventilation
The artificial Ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air
through a space by mechanical means it can be achieved with help of
ducts and machines (fan)
Artificial ventilation systems circulate fresh air using ducts and fans
rather than relying on airflow through small holes or cracks in a homes
wall, roof or windows.
Benefits
Benefits of using mechanical ventilation:-
1. Better indoor air quality can remove pollutants, allergens, and moisture
that can cause mold problems
2. More control provide proper fresh air flow along with appropriate
locations for intake and exhaust
3. Improved comfort allow a constant flow of outside air into the home
and can also provide filtration, dehumidification, and conditioning of the
incoming outside air.
Systems of A.V :
These systems employ an electrically driven fan or fans to provide the
necessary air movement;
They also ensure a specified air change and the air under fan pressure
can be forced through filters. There are three types of mechanical
ventilation systems:
1. Natural inlet and mechanical extract (exhaust system).
2. Mechanical inlet and natural extract
3. Mechanical inlet and extract
Natural inlet and mechanical extract (exhaust system).
This is the most common type of system and is used for kitchens,
workshops, laboratories, internal sanitary apartments, garages and
assembly halls.
The fan creates negative pressure on its inlet side, and this causes the air
inside the room to move towards the fan, and the room air is displaced by
the fresh air from outside the room.
Mechanical inlet and natural extract

It is essential with this system that the air is heated before it is forced into
the building.
The system may be used for boiler rooms, offices and certain types of
factories.
The air may be heated in a central plant and ducted to the various rooms,
or a unit fan convector may be used.
Mechanical inlet and extract

This provides the best possible system of ventilation, but it is also the
most expensive and is used for many types of buildings including cinemas,
theatres, offices, lecture theatres, dance halls, restaurants, departmental
stores and sports centers. The system is essential for operating theatres
and sterilizing rooms.
Mechanical ventilation
Mechanical supply ventilation
a fan supplies air to spaces
ventilation openings in buildings
envelope are used for extraction
usually used where high ventilation rates are
needed and air has to be heated before entering
the room.
Mechanical extract ventilation
a fan draws air from spaces
fresh outdoor air enters into rooms either through
the leakage routes of building envelope or through
ventilation openings in the building envelope.
Mechanical extract & supply ventilation
a balanced ventilation system
it must always include a supply and a return air fan
an air heater is almost always installed in the
supply air side
Comparison between natural
ventilation & mechanical ventilation
Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation can generally provide a
high ventilation rate more economically,
due to the use of natural forces and large
openings.
Natural ventilation can be more energy
efficient, particularly if heating is not
required.
In general, the advantage of natural
ventilation is its ability to provide a very
high air-change rate at low cost, with a
very simple system. But natural
ventilation only works when natural
forces like wind flow etc. are available.
Hence these systems are greatly
dependent on natural resources which
reduces surety of their working during
requirement.
Mechanical ventilation
Installation and particularly
maintenance costs for the
operation of a mechanical
ventilation system may be very
high.
Mechanical ventilation systems
consume more energy for their
operation.
Mechanical ventilation system
are independent of any natural
source and can work
everywhere when electricity is
available.
Comparison between natural
ventilation & mechanical ventilation
Natural ventilation
Installation and particularly
maintenance costs for the
operation of a mechanical
ventilation system may be very
high.
Mechanical ventilation systems
consume more energy for their
operation.
Mechanical ventilation system
are independent of any natural
source and can work
everywhere when electricity is
available.
Mechanical ventilation
The airflow path in mechanical
ventilation systems can be
controlled
Mechanical ventilation systems
are considered to be reliable in
delivering the designed flow
rate, regardless of the impacts
of variable wind and ambient
temperature. As mechanical
ventilation can be integrated
easily into air-conditioning, the
indoor air temperature and
humidity can also be controlled
Air Conditioning Duct System
Introduction
The chief requirements of an air conditioning duct system
are:
1. It should convey specified rates of air flow to prescribed
locations.
2. It should be economical in combined initial cost, fan
operating cost and cost of building space.
3. It should not transmit or generate objectionable noise
Air Conditioning Duct System
General rules
Air should be conveyed as directly as possible to save space,
power and material
Sudden changes in directions should be avoided. When not possible
to avoid sudden changes, turning vanes should be used to reduce
pressure loss.
Air velocities should be within permissible limits to reduce noise
and vibration.
Duct material should be as smooth as possible to reduce frictional
losses.
Factors to decide sizes OF air conditioners

How large your home is and how many

windows it has;
How much shade is on your home's windows,
walls, and roof;
How much insulation is in your home's ceiling
and walls;
How much air leaks into your home from the
outside; and
How much heat the occupants and appliances
in your home generate
TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONERS
Room air conditioners
Central air conditioning systems
Heat pumps
Evaporative coolers
1 Central Air Conditioning
The central air conditioning plants or
the halls, auditoriums, receptions
areas etc.
systems are used when large buildings,
hotels, theaters, airports, shopping
malls etc. are to be air conditioned
completely.
The window and split air conditioners
are used for single rooms or small
office spaces.
If the whole building is to be cooled it is
not economically viable to put window
or split air conditioner in each and
every room. Further, these small units
cannot satisfactorily cool the large
1 Central Air Conditioning
Circulate cool air through a system of supply and return ducts.
Supply ducts and registers (i.e., openings in the walls, floors, or
ceilings covered by grills) carry cooled air from the air conditioner
to the home.
This cooled air becomes warmer as it circulates through the home;
then it flows back to the central air conditioner through return
ducts and registers
Room air conditioners
Room air conditioners cool
rooms rather than the entire
home.
Less expensive to operate
than central units
Their efficiency is generally
lower than that of central air
conditioners.
Can be plugged into any 15-
or 20-amp, 115-volt
household circuit that is not
shared with any other major
appliances
Types of Central AC
Split Air Conditioner System
The split air
conditioner comprises of two
parts:
the outdoor unit and the indoor
unit.
The outdoor unit, fitted outside
the room, houses components like
the compressor, condenser and
expansion valve.
The indoor unit comprises the
evaporator or cooling coil and the
cooling fan..
Further, the present day split
units have aesthetic looks and add
to the beauty of the room.
The split air conditioner can be
used to cool one or two rooms.
Window Air Conditioning System
Window air-conditioner
units are a reliable and
simple-to-install solution to
keep a room cool while
avoiding the costly
construction of a central air
system.
Better yet, when the summer
heat dies down, these units
can be easily removed for
storage, and you can use the
window sill for other
purposes.
Evaporative coolers
An evaporative cooler (also swamp cooler,
desert cooler and wet air cooler) is a device
that cools air through the evaporation of
water.
Evaporative cooling differs from typical air
conditioning systems which use vapor-
compression or absorption refrigeration
cycles.
Evaporative cooling works by employing
water's large enthalpy of vaporization.
The temperature of dry air can be dropped
significantly through the phase transition of
liquid water to water vapor (evaporation),
which can cool air using much less energy than
refrigeration.
In extremely dry climates, evaporative cooling
of air has the added benefit of conditioning the
air with more moisture for the comfort of
building occupants
Heat pumps
a heat pump is a device that uses a small
amount of energy to move heat from one
location to another.
Heat pumps are typically used to pull heat out
of the air or ground to heat a home or office
building, but they can be reversed to cool a
building.
advantages of a heat pump over a standard
heating ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC)
unit is that there's no need to install separate
systems to heat and cool your home.
Heat pumps also work extremely efficiently,
because they simply transfer heat, rather than
burn fuel to create it.
References
www.wikipedia.com
www.buildingventilation.com
www.slideshare.com